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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Chapter 53 Flashcards

1
Q

_________________ focuses on population dynamics

  • life history strategies
  • population dispersions patterns
  • population size
  • population growth
  • population structure
A

population ecology

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2
Q

an organ’s life history is the sequence of events relating to its _____________________________________

A

birth, growth, developement, reproduction, death

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3
Q

a ____________________ is the overall pattern of life history events exhibited by all individual organisms within the species

A

species life history strategy

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4
Q

______________________ shape and contrain life history. they occurs as a result of limited energy

A

trade offs

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5
Q

ecology is ____________________ the interactions between organisms and their enviroments

A

defined

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6
Q

evolution is __________________ the interactions between organisms and their enviroments

A

driven

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7
Q

charles darwin was a ____________

A

ecologist

termed a naturalist during darwins time

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8
Q

there is a large range of ___________________ in all organisms

A

body sizes

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9
Q

mammals range from the _________________ to ___________

A

pygmy shrew

blue whales

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10
Q

large animals tolerate _______ enviroments best while small animals tolerate _________ enviroments best

A

cold

warm

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11
Q

____________________ to reproduction takes resources away from growth maintenance and defense

A

allocating resources

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12
Q

the cost of reproduction is therefore reduced to

A

survival, growth, and future reproduction

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13
Q

_____________ species reproduce at a very early age ex-mayflies

A

precocial

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14
Q

____________ species reproduce at a later age ex-humans

A

atrical

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15
Q

________________ species reproduce one time only. They invest too many resources in reproduction to be able to survive afterwards. ex-salmon, annual plants

A

semelparous

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16
Q

________________ organisms increase their fitness quickly in the population but decrease their survival and future reproduction

A

precocial

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17
Q

____________ species reproduce several times. They produce offspring without completely depleting their resources. Most trees, birds, and mammals

A

iteroparous

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18
Q

____________ organisms increase their fitness by reproducing more frequently

A

iteroparous

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19
Q

_____________ organisms increase their fitness by saving their resources over time and producing the highest quality offspring all at once

A

semelparous

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20
Q

an organisms energy investment in its offspring can be measured by the size of the __________

A

offspring

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21
Q

the larger an organism energy investment in each individual offspring the _______________ offspring it can produce

A

fewer

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22
Q

energy investment can also be measure by the _________________________

A

amount of parental care provided

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23
Q

organisms that provide parental care increase the ________________________. However they produce far _____________ offspring

A

chances of their offspring surviving

fewer

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24
Q

_________________ is complete change in the body plan of an organism during its lifetime

A

metamorphosis

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25
advantage of metamorphasis: using different food sources and exploiting different habitats minimizes ___________________ between the young and adults of a species
competition
26
advantage of metamorphasis: | larval forms are usually small and excellent at _____________ to colonize new habitats
dispersing
27
disadvantage of metamorphasis | it is a comple genetic task to reorganize an organisms entire body plan _______________________
energetically costly
28
__________ are resistant or inactive stages during periodic unfavorable conditions - ______________ in animals. - dormany in plants
resting stages | torpor, hibernation, diapuse
29
there is a large range of life spans in all organism shorter life spans means _______________________
earlier mortality, shorter generation times
30
natural selection acts faster to more quickly _____________ these short lived organisms to their enviroment
adapt
31
``` r selected strategies ________ size ________ maturity ________ reproduction ________________ offspring _________ parental care ________ generation times __________ life span ________ mortality habitats that are _____________ ```
``` small early many/ small little short short early frequently disterbed ```
32
``` k selected strategies ________ size _______ maturity reproduction ________ __________ offspring _________ parental care __________ generation times _____ life span _________ mortality habitats ____________ ```
``` large late few much long long late stable and predictable ```
33
r selected species are
- most insects - small vertebrates - annual plants
34
k selelected species
- large mammals - large reptiles - large trees
35
three ways that individuals can spread out within a population
- random - clumped - regular
36
________ the expected dispersion patter in absense of any biological interactions. _____________ tree species in tropical rainforest
random | very rare
37
____________________ the most common dispersion pattern
clumped
38
3 causes for clumped dispersion pattern
- favorable habitate - reproduction - defense
39
__________ is the resources are clummped the organism will be too
favorable habitat
40
__________ and other social behaviors
reproduction
41
_________________ like in schooling fish
defense
42
______________ not as common as clumped but much more common than random. results from _____________ for resources and _______ in birds
regular competition territority
43
complete counts of individuals is impossible methods for estimating population sizes involve ___________ from population and extrapolating to actual size
sampling
44
sampling methods for ___________ organims most frequently involve plots and line transects
sessile
45
sampling methods for _______________ organism include trapping and spotting and listening or looking for evidence
motile
46
______ is the variable for the number of captured and marked during capture 1
M
47
______________ toatl # of individuals in the population
N
48
__________ the # recapture at time 2
R
49
________ the total # captured at time 2
C
50
__________ is the proportion of individuals in the population that were marked at time 1
M/N
51
______________ is the proportion of marked recaptured individuals in the sample at time 2
R/C
52
important equation
m/n=r/c
53
estimate population m=948 c=421 R=167
n=2389.868
54
variable for growth rate
r
55
the population size will change over time due to the number of births and death this is called ____________________
SN/ST=B-D
56
_________________; the number of births is equal to the population birth rate times the number of individuals in the population
D=dn
57
__________________: the number of deaths is equal to the populations death rate times the number of individuals in the population
bn-dn=(b-d)n
58
a populations ______________ is equal to a populations birth rate minus its death rate
R=b-d
59
when growth rate is greater than zero, the birth rate exceeds death rate and the poulation ____________ in size
increase
60
as the population size increases the growth rate also increases. This produces the ___________________ characteristic of expontential population growth
J shaped curve
61
__________ can grow exponentially forever
no population
62
___________________ will causes the population size to level off and stabilize at a particular number called the ___________________
carrying capacity
63
the carrying capacity is the number of individuals in a population that an enviroment can support with its _____________________
limited resources
64
carrying capacity must be incorporated into the population growth equation ________________________
limited resources
65
when N is small, the term (1-NK) is close to ______ and the population essentially
1
66
when N reaches carrying capacity the term (1-nk) becomes ________ and the population stops growing
0
67
incorporating carrying capacity leads to the ______________ characteristic of logistic population growth
S shaped curve
68
logistic growth is much more _________ than exponential growth
realistic
69
logisticc growwth reflects ____________ and other density dependent factors
density dependent and limitting factors
70
_______ signifies that these populations are always in beginning exponential growth portion of the logistic curve
r selected species
71
____________________ signifies that these populations are always near the carrying capacity of the logistic curve
k selected species
72
exponential and logistic growth equations assum all individuals within a population have ______________________
same birth and death rates
73
young individuals habe birth rates ____ | very old individuals have ______ death rates
zero | high
74
population growth models can be made more realistic by incoporating __________________
age and structure
75
_______ is the time interval corresponding to a particular age
x
76
___________ the number of individuals survivng age x
Nx
77
sx- _____________ the probability that an individual of age x will survive to age x+1
age specific survival rate
78
lx-________________ the proportion of individuals that survive from birth to age x
survivorship
79
fx= ________________ - the average number of offspring produced by individuals of age x
fecundity
80
3 applications of life tables
- survivorship curves - net reproductive rate - life cycle graphs and transition matrices
81
____________ shows the proportion of total individuals that survives to each age
survivorship
82
_____________ are constructued by plotting age on the x axis against the number of survivors on the y axis
survivorship curves
83
_____________survivorship curves seen in nature
3
84
_______________ most indivudals survive to old age and mortality occurs late in life
type 1 survivorship
85
______________ individuals die at high rates when young but those that reach adulthood persist.
type 3 survivorship
86
______________ the chance of survivng or dying remains constant throughout life history of organism
type 2 survivorship
87
type 1 survivorship is common in
k selected species
88
type 3 survivorship is common in
R selected species
89
type 2 survivorship is common in
intermediate in the r-k continuum
90
_____________ represents the average number of offspring produced by an individual within a population throughout its lifetime
net reproductive rate
91
multiply survivorhsip by _____________ for each age then sum across all ages
fecundity
92
Ro measures growth or decline a population from one generation to the next
net reproductive rate
93
____________ display ages, survival rates from one age to next and fecundities
life cycle graphs
94
transition matrices contain the same information but can also be used to ________ the size of the population and its age structure into the future
predict
95
______________: - columns indicate age at the present time t - rows indicate ages at the next time t+1
transition matrix
96
___________________ occurs after a few time periods, the proportion of individuals of each age will stabilize from one year to the next
stage age distribution
97
the total number of individuals will ____________________ over time
decrease or increase
98
life cycle graphs and transition matrices are utilized by ecologists to
- protect endangered species - control pest species - determine stable harvestable species

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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