Chapter 26

Question 1

systematics is the study of

Answer 1

the diversity of relationship among organisms

Question 2

systematics consists of

Answer 2

• taxonomy

- phylogenetic

Question 3

taxonomy consists of

Answer 3

• binomial nomenclature

- hierarchical classification

Question 4

the goal of phylogentics is to determines

Answer 4

phylogenies

Question 5

____________ is the evolutionary of a species or larger taxonomic

Answer 5

phylogeny

Question 6

two ways phylogenies are determined

Answer 6

• fossil record

- morphological, developmental, and molecular similarities

Question 7

is a large but incomplete chronicle of evolutionary change over the scale of geologic time

Answer 7

fossil record

Question 8

similarities useful for deducing evolutionary history and relationships among extant organisms

Answer 8

-morphological, developmental, and molecular similarities

Question 9

_________________ are similarities due to common ancestry

Answer 9

homologies

Question 10

three type of homologies

Answer 10

• morphological
• developemental
• molecular

Question 11

when two species share all three types of homologies, phylogeneticists are most confident that the species descend from a recent common ancestor and are therefore

Answer 11

closely related

Question 12

(also known as homoplases) are similarities due to convergent evolution rather than to common ancestry

Answer 12

analogies

Question 13

occurs when natural selection, due to the same environmental pressure produces similar adaptions in organisms that are not closely related

Answer 13

convergent evolution

Question 14

___________________ can be distinguished from analogy by comparing several different characteristics as well as the degree of complexity

Answer 14

homology

Question 15

molecular homologies can be easily obscured and molecular analogies can be easily misinterpreted as

Answer 15

homologies

Question 16

_____________________________ have been developed to distinguish between molecular homologies and analogies

Answer 16

computer programs and statistical analysis

Question 17

_________________ are used to depict phylogenies

Answer 17

phylogenetic trees

Question 18

_________________ contains a common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

Answer 18

a monophyletic group

Question 19

__________________ contains a common ancestor but not all of the descendants

Answer 19

a paraphyletic group

Question 20

only _____________ are recognized as true taxonomic group

Answer 20

monophyletic groups

Question 21

monophyletic groups are also called _________

Answer 21

clades

Question 22

the current approach to phylogenetic which only recognizes class as valid taxa is called

Answer 22

cladistics

Question 23

using the cladistic approach, phylogenetic tree are also called

Answer 23

cladograms

Question 24

_______________ are traits possessed by particular taxa

Answer 24

characters

Question 25

character are placed on the _____________ of a particular taxa

Answer 25

branch

Question 26

_____________________ indicates when that trait evolved

Answer 26

the placement of a character

Question 27

a _________________ is a shared primitive ancestral character

Answer 27

symplesiomorphies

Question 28

represent the unity of life and descent from common ancestry

Answer 28

symplesiomorphies

Question 29

a ________________ is a shared derived character unique to individual

Answer 29

synapomorphies

Question 30

__________________ represent the diversity of life and modifications from common ancestry

Answer 30

synapomorphies

Question 31

_________________ is a group of organisms (the clade) specifically being studied

Answer 31

in-group

Question 32

_____________________ is a closely related taxon to the in-group, but not as closely related as all members of the in-group are to each other

Answer 32

outgroup

Question 33

the inclusion of an outgroup confirms that the

Answer 33

synplesomorphies of the group are synapomorphies

Question 34

when determining among multiple possibilities for a particular phylogeny begin with the

Answer 34

simplest explanation

Question 35

the goal of systematics is for

Answer 35

classification to represent phylogeny

Question 36

phylogenetic is currently showing many traditional classifications to be incorrect

Answer 36

- phylum chordata - class reptillia - class aves

Question 37

crocodiles and bird share 3 trades

Answer 37

- attract mates by singing - building nests - brood their eggs

Question 38

archaea is most closely related to ___________ domain

Answer 38

eukarya

Question 39

____________ an unresolved node

Answer 39

polytomy

Question 40

class of reptillia is a _______________

Answer 40

paraphyletic group