Chapter 31 Flashcards
1
Q
multicellular heterotrophic terrestrial eukaryotes that feed by absorption
A
fungi
2
Q
______ execution to multicellular
__________ exception for terrestrial
A
one
3
Q
fungi feed by ______
they secrete ___________ to outside of they bodies
food substances are broken down __________
fungi then ______ the broken down nutrients
A
absorption
digestive enzymes
externally
absorb
4
Q
based on there feeding cycle there are three categories of fungi
A
- saprophytes
- parasites
- mutualists
5
Q
__________ feed on dead organisms and wastes
A
saprophytes
6
Q
____________ parasites feed on living organisms
A
parasites
7
Q
____________ absorb nutrients from living organisms but provide other nutrients to the host
A
mutualists
8
Q
unicellular fungi are ____________
A
yeast
9
Q
most fungi are ____________
A
multicellular
10
Q
fungi cells form __________
A
filamentous tissues
11
Q
these filamentous strands are called _______
A
hyphae
12
Q
fungal cell walls are made of the polysaccharide ______
A
chitin
13
Q
fungi that have hyphae with cell cell surrounded by a cell wall of all cells are
A
septet
14
Q
fungi have hyphae that lack cell wall division between neighboring cells
A
aseptate or multinucleate
15
Q
hyphae pack together to form _____________
A
a dense tightly network to form a mycelium
16
Q
a majority of fungi exist ________________
A
below the ground
17
Q
mycelium is
A
- the feeding part of fungi
- spreads outward
18
Q
the aboveground structures are for _________
A
reproducing
19
Q
_ _______consist of hyphae that are very densely packed together
A
fruiting bodies
20
Q
yeast reproduce by way of _________
A
budding
21
Q
during ________ a smaller cell riches of of the original cell
A
budding
22
Q
multicellular fungi produce unicellular spores by _____________ these are _______
A
mitosis
conidia
23
Q
__________ are produced by and held on specialized hyphae called ___________
A
conidia
conidiophores
24
Q
conidia are released from the conidiophores and dispersed _________
A
by way of wind
25
conidia from by ___________ into new genetically identical fungi if they land in optimal location
mitosis
26
___________ are fungi that exhibit mostly asexual reproduction
molds
27
molds are mats of mycelia
with many conidiophores
28
there are no _______________ fore sexual reproduction
fruiting body
29
fungi _______ posses a alternation of generations life cycle
```
do NOT
(0ne exception)
```
30
fungi hyphae are typically
haploid
31
the only diploid stage in the fungus life cycle is the _______________
zygote
32
during fertilization, the haploid hyphae of two different fungi first fuse their cytoplasms but the nuclei within ________________
do not yet fuse
| this is plasmogamy
33
________________ results in heterokaryoteic state. The cytoplasms first fuse but the nuclei do not
plasmogamy
34
neither n or 2n but rather ________
n+n
35
fungi exist and grow in ______________ state for hours, days or potentially centuries
heterokaryotic
36
eventually the ___________ fuze in the ______ process
nuclei
| karyogamy
37
federalization is made of
plasmogamy and karyogamy
38
the zygotes that result from karyogamy immediately undergo _____________ to produce haploid spores
meiosis
39
spore production occurs with the ______________
fruiting body
40
spored dispersed by way of the wind and grow into
genetically unique fungi
41
along with prokaryotes, fungi are the major ________________ in ecosystems
decomposers
42
chemical recyclers
break down organic matter, returning the inorganic nutrients to the soil to be picked up by plants
43
fungi can break down ________________ which most eukaryotes can not
lignin and cellulose
44
two major mutualistic symbiotic relationships
- mycorrhizae
| - lichens
45
______________ mutualistic symbiosis a beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
mycorrhizae
46
fungi increase the surface area of roots of plants and pass inorganic nutrients to plants
fungi receive organic nutrients from plants
47
two types of mycorrhizae
- ectomycorrhizae
| - endomycorrhizae
48
fungal hyphae wrap around the outside of roots and also around the individual cells within the roots. ectomycorrhizae are common in seedless vascular plants an gymnosperms
-ectomycorrhizae
49
fungal hyphae extend into root cell walls but do not penetrate into they plasma membranes. Common in angiosperms
-endomycorrhizae
50
almost all plants are associated with _______________
mycorrhizal fungi
51
this has been the case ever since plants and fungi first colonized land
it is a very important terrestrial adaptation for both types of organisms
52
mutualistic symbioses between fungi and either unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria
lichens
53
In a lichen association, fungi provide a terrestrial habitats or shelter for partner
fungi receives photosynthates from the algae or cyanobacteria in return
54
lichens exists as __________________ that are pigmented by internal photosynthesizes
mats of fungal mycelia
55
the algae or cyanobacteria live toward the surface of fungus to receive the most __________
direct sunlight
56
lichen tend to be found on
rocks or branches
57
there are 3 common lichen growth
- crustose
- foliose
- fructicose
58
__________ encrusting
crustose
59
______________ leaf like
-foliose
60
__________ shrub like
-fructicose
61
lichens reproduce asexually by fragmenting and dispersing _________________ which grow into lichen
soredia
62
_____________ small pieces of fungal mycelia that contain some algae/ cyanobacteria
soredia
63
lichens are often ________________ because they transform the soil making it habitable for plants
the first colonizers of barren land
64
Lichens are extremely resistant to the lack of _______________
water
65
however lichens are very susceptible to _____________
air pollution
66
lichens are therefore frequently used as measures of ________________
habitat air quality
67
kost parasitic fungi are parasites of _____________________
plants
| they are a major problem in agriculture due to the destruction of crops
68
some fungi are parasites of ________________ including humans
animals
69
causes athletes foot
fungi- tinea
70
candid causes ___________
yeast infections
71
these fungal infections are ____________
easily treatable except for the immunocompromised should not be inhaled by lungs
72
humans eat various fruiting bodies (fungi) including
beer wine bread blue cheese
73
fermentation by the ______________________ is responsible for the production of beer cheese and wine
yeast saccharomyces
74
__________________ is as common with yeasts as it is with bacteria
recumbent DNA technology
75
penicillium is responsible for the antibiotic ____________
penicillin
76
collective name for animals and fungi
opisthokonta
77
opisthokonta possess a ____________________
single posterior flagellum
78
only the ________________ fungal group posses a ____________
earliest, flagella, chytridiomycota
79
_________________ are currently being reevaluated as several separate branches not true clades or monophyletic groups
chytridiomycota and zygomycota
80
_______________________________________________ are well-supported clades
glomeromycota, basidiomycota, and ascomycota
81
-freshwater, only fungi not terrestrial
-only fungi to possess an alternation of generations sexual life cycle
only fungi to possess flagella
chytridiomycota
82
parasites in this group are responsible for ________________________
epidermal infection
| chytriomycota
83
________________ populations are on a worldwide decline
amphibians
84
chtridiomyacota have _____________ hyphae
aseptate
85
-most molds are _____________ and most _________ are ___________
zygomycetes zygomycetes molds
86
- aexual reproduction
- most molds
- no fruiting bodies
- aseptate hyphae
zygomycetes
87
in zygomycetes:
| a zygote, _______________, is protected within a resistant ____________________________
zygospore
| zygosporangium
88
- fungi that form endomycorrhizae
- most common mycorrhizae
- septate hyphae
glmeromycota
89
- club fungi
- mushrooms
- self fungi
- puffballs
- fungi form mycorrhizae
- two serious crop parasites
- septate spores
basidiomycota
90
the most efficient fungi at decomposing lignin
shelf fungi
91
fungi that produce trillions of spores
puffballs
92
-two serious crop parasites in basidiomycota
rusts and smuts
93
fruiting bodies are _____________________
heterokaryotic
| mushrooms
94
in heterokaryotic organisms
plasmogamy has occurred but karyogamy had not yet occurred
95
basidiocarps posses heterkaryotic club shaped structures called
basidia
96
karyogamy ultimately occurs in basidia and forms
| zygotes undergo meiosis to produce
diploid zygotes
| spores dispresed by wind
97
- cup fungi
- largest fungi group
- lichens
- yeasts
- truffles
- penicellium
- parasites of no crop plants
- septate hyphae
ascomycota
98
fruiting body of a ascomycota is a
asocarps
99
asocarps possess __________ rather than basidia
asci
100
spores produced by ascu are termed
ascospores
