Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

__________________ were the first forms of life on earth. all organisms can trace their ancestry back to these organisms

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prokaryotes are ____________________ everywhere

A

incredibly abundant

-there are more organisms in ones mouth than have ever lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

all prokaryotes are ___________________________

A

unicellular, though they aggregate in colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____________ is an assemblage of unicellular organisms that do exist (permenately or temporarily) as a multicellular unit, though there is no division of labor and each organisms could live independently

A

colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_______________ are colonies of prokaryotes held together by a sticky extracellular matrix. They can adhere to many surfaces

A

biofilms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell size of a prokaryotic cells

A

1-5 picometers in diameter where as eukaryotic cells are 10-100 picometers in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the shapes of prokaryotic cells

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spiral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spherical shaped cells

A

coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rod shaped cells

A

bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

strepto means

A

a colony in a chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

staphylo means

A

a colony in a cluster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______________ is an external to the plasma membrane

A

cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bacteria cell walls are made of

A

the polysaccharide peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bacteria have cell walls with many layers of peptidoglycan

A

gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bacteria have cell walls with fewer layers of peptidoglycan but with an outer phospholipid membrane

A

gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____________________ are made of a variety of polysaccharides and polypeptides but no peptidoglycan

A

archaea cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is external to the cell walls in some prokaryotes

A

capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

certain prokaryotes possess flagella for

A

locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prokaryotic flagella are different in composition than

A

eukaryotic flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___________ is embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane in a prokaryotic flagella

A

basal apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_______________ acts as a motor that rotates the flagellum propels the cell

A

basal apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a single circular DNA molecule called the prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed throughout

A

the nucleic region of the cell

-no membrane or nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______________ proteins are not associated with a bacterium’s chromosomes but they are present in archaea

A

histone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____________________ are small separate rings of DNA

A

plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Plasmids consist of ______________ genes | plasmid genes are often not necessary for survival but can provide survival advantages
only a few genes
26
____________________ in the cytoplasm function for protein synthesis
ribosomes
27
infolding of the ________________ functions in the photosynthesis and or cellular respiration
plasma membrane
28
prokaryotes reproduce asexually by __________
binary fission
29
the prokaryotic chromosome replicates, followed by division of the cell
each new cells receives a copy of the chromosomes
30
prokaryotes can divide by binary fission at extremely fast rates
-a typical generation time is 2 hours/ Some generation time can be as short as 20 minutes
31
_____________ are responsible for most of the genetic variation in prokaryotes
mutations
32
three forms of genetic recombination
- transformation - transduction - conjugation
33
dead decaying prokaryotes release DNA segments (genes into the eviroment which, can then be taken up by prokaryotes
transformation
34
viruses that infect prokaryotes can transfer DNA segments (genes) from one prokaryote to another
transduction
35
a prokaryote can directly transfer DNA (a plasmid) to another prokaryote
conjugation
36
_________________ is a hesitant structure that surrounds the prokaryotic chromosome during harsh environmental conditions
endospore
37
During harsh environmental conditions, the endospore causes the
metabolism halts and rest of cell disintegrates
38
prokaryotes can live dormant for year as
endospores, they reactivate when conditions improve
39
many prokaryotes are ________________ similar to animal and fungi, however some are _________________ like plants
heterotrophic | autotrophic
40
earths first photosynthesizing autotroph
cyanobacteria
41
other prokaryotic autotroph that obtain energy from chemicals
chemotrophs
42
_____________ acquiring oxygen for cellular respiration
obligate aerobes
43
____________________ do not require oxygen for fermentation and they are poisoned by oxygen
obligate anaerobes
44
________________________ they use oxygen for cellular respiration if its present and fermentation if not
facultative anaerobes
45
_____________________________They convert atmosphere nitrogen gas to ammonia and other usable forms that allow the nitrogen to be incorporated into proteins and nucleic acids. Larger animals are dependent upon this
some prokaryotes fix oxygen
46
cyanobacteria that nitrogen fix and posses heterocytes the most self sufficient organisms on earth
heterocytes
47
_________ of all human disease are caused by bacteria
half
48
___________________ results in 1.5 million deaths a year. Example of disease caused by bacteria
tuberculosis
49
the most common ___________________ in the us is bacterial
vector borne disease
50
vector borne disease transmitted by ticks
lime disease
51
bacteria are pathogen due to _________________
poisons in their cell walls
52
______________________ are secreted by living bacteria
exotoxins
53
_____________________ are released when a bacterium dies and its cell wall breaks down
endotoxins
54
______________ attack bacteria cell walls or the ribosomes that make the bacteria cell wall
antibiotics
55
bacteria ____________ fix for other organisms
nitrogen
56
__________ produce oxygen and serve as base of food chain
cyanobacteria
57
prokaryotes are the main ____________________ in all ecosystems
decomposers
58
only a small fraction of prokaryotes species are __________________
pathogenic
59
trillions of prokaryotes reside in ________________
human intestine and digestive tract, they digest food that we would otherwise be unable to digest
60
_______________________________ by prokaryotes produce cheese yogurt pickles and salami
lactic acid fermentation
61
__________________ is the use of organisms to degrade environmental pollutants
biomediation
62
examples of prokaryotes being used for biomediation
- sewage treatment | - oil clean up
63
an efficient way to produce large quantities of human, other animal, or plant proteins by inserting genes into prokaryotic plasmid DNA to rapidly replicate
recumbent DNA biotechnology
64
the traditional classification of prokaryotes was based on the _____________________
morphological characteristics | ex- shape, cell wall, mode
65
modern classification shows that tradition classification does not produce try
clades
66
the current classification is based on ____________
molecular characteristic
67
__________________ have been replaced by groups that now more accurately represent phylogeny
tradition groups
68
there are more similarities between archaea and ______________ than between archaea and ______________
eukarya | bacteria
69
____________ are gram negative spiral shaped bacteria. Certain spirochetes are parasitic. What two disease do they cause
Spirochetes | Lyme disease and Syphalsis
70
______________ the smallest bacteria group. they are gram-negative and cocci. They are entirely parasitic and is the cause of the common bacterial sexual transmitted disease _______________.
chlamydias chlamydia
71
important decomposers in the oil. Mycobacterium cause tuberculosis and commonly acne
bacilli high GC gram positives
72
unicellular or colonial, gram negative, aquatic, photosynthetic anabaena fixes nitrogen
cyanobacteria
73
type of cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen
anabaena
74
mounds of cyanobacteria within densely packed sediment, found in warm shallow bays found in warm shallow bays abundant in fossil record
stromatolites
75
___________________ cause staff infections, sepsis, and
staphylococcus
76
causes strep throte
streptococcus
77
ferments in milk and yogurt, cause staff infections and strep infections
Low GC gram positives
78
______________ is the cause of botulism and tennisunlike bacillus anthraces is the cause of anthrax
clostridium
79
clostridium and anthraces are examples of
endospore forming
80
gram negative, epsilon proteobacteria. helicon pylori causes ulcers. is the most common nitrogen fixers bacterium within root nodules. closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria
proteobacteria
81
important for nitrogen fixing.bortella purtusis causes whooping cough and neisseria gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted disease gonorea. Can also cause cholera, salmonella, and influenza pneumonia
proteobacteria
82
types of protea bacteria
- epsilon - alpha proteobacteria - beta proteobacteria - gamma proteobacteria
83
originally believed to be restricted to extreme habitats, extremophile. They are also known to inhabit almost all environments on earth they are not known to be parasitic
archaea
84
________ they are not known to be parasitic
archaea
85
word for archaea
extremophiles
86
two types of archaea
- crenarchaeota | - euryarchaeota
87
__________ have two extreme thermophiles in _________________
crenarchaeota hot springs- hot acidic environments hydrovents- hot and high pressure environments
88
extreme halophiles and methanogens
euryarcheota
89
high salty environments, salty seas and lakes.
extreme halophiles
90
obligate anaerobes in swamy marshes and cattle
methanogens
91
cattle produce __________ by metabolic process to release waste
methane

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions