Chapter 1 & 22 Flashcards
1
Q
biologists study the ______________________, levels of life ranging from the global to the submicroscopic
A
biological hierarchy
2
Q
the largest level of the biological hierarchy. The habitable part of plant earth. All ecosystems.
A
biosphere
3
Q
all organisms living and nonliving components of a given area
A
ecosystem
4
Q
all living organisms of a particular area.
A
community
5
Q
all organisms of a species in an area.
A
population
6
Q
a single living thing
A
organisms
7
Q
organs working together for a common function. ex- nervous system
A
organ system
8
Q
tissues working together for a common function. ex-brain
A
organ
9
Q
cells working together for a common function
A
tissue
10
Q
smallest living component
A
cell
11
Q
make up cells ex- nucleus
A
organels
12
Q
multiple atoms
A
molecules
13
Q
smallest level of biological hierarchy
A
atom
14
Q
The biological hierarchy:
A
atom molecule organell cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere
15
Q
each level of the biological hierarchy is _______________________
A
the sum of its parts
16
Q
new properties emerge at each level due to the ____________________________ of the parts at lower levels
A
interaction and arrangement
17
Q
the first level at which the properties of life emerge
A
cells
18
Q
organisms composed of one cell
A
unicellular
19
Q
organisms consisting of more than one cell
A
multicellular
20
Q
two cell type
A
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
21
Q
small and simple cell
A
prokaryotic
22
Q
large and complex with membrane bound organelles
A
eukaryotic
23
Q
biologists organize life according to the principles of __________
A
taxonomy
24
Q
taxonomy was established by
A
Carolus Linnaeus
25
Linnaeus goal was
naming the organisms and categorizing them
26
two taxonomy consists of two components
- nomenclature
| - classification
27
species names are in __________
Latin
| a common language allows unambiguous communication among all languages
28
Species names consist of two parts
genus
| specific epithet
29
species name for human
homo sapien
30
biologists have discovered and named approximately ____________ species but we estimate ___________
1.8 million
| 10-100 million
31
_______________ categorizes this species diversity in more inclusive groups
hierarchical classification
32
taxonomy units
```
dum kids playing catch on freeway go splat
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
```
33
dead: ___________
living: ___________
extinct
| extant
34
taxonomy of humans
```
Eukarya
animalia
chordata
mammalia
primates
hominidae
homo
homo sapiens
```
35
the outline or hierarchical form shows
the relationship between organisms
36
______ tha names group of organisms at any level in the classification hierarchy
taxon
37
3 domains
archae
bacteria
eukarya
38
two distinct domains of prokaryotic organisms
bacteria
| archaea
39
all organisms in the bacteria and archaea domains are
unicellular
40
organisms in the eukarya domain
contain eukaryotic organisms
41
the 4 kingdoms in the eukarya domain
animalia
fungi
plantae
protista
42
multicellular heterotrophs that consume food by ingestion
kingdom animalia
43
multicellular heterotrophs that consume food by absorption
kingdom fungi
44
multicellular autotrophs that produce food by photosynthesis
kingdom plantar
45
MOSTLY unicellular
heterotrophic/autotrophic
currently may be separate kingdoms
protista
46
all life is composed of one or more _________
cells
47
all cells are surrounded by a _______
plasma membrane
48
facts having to do with plasma membrane
- a phospholipid belayer with protein
| - a cells plasma membrane regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell
49
all cells convert chemical energy ________________ to chemical energy _______________ for energy
glucose to ATP
50
two types of conversion of ATP
AEROBIC
| ANAEROBIC
51
cellular respiration with oxygen
aerobic
52
fermentation without oxygen
anerobic
53
all cells contain __________________________ as their genetic material
DNA, the nucleic acid
| an inherited genetic material
54
all cells are produced by
the reproduction of other cells
55
-DNA replication occurs prior to the production of other cells
-Daughter cells inherit their DNA from their parents cells
56
DNA contains the instructions for
protein synthesis
57
DNA serves as a template for synthesizing RNA
transcription
58
RNA serves a template for synthesizing protein
translation
59
All cells utilize the same _________________________ for ________________ Rna into protein
genetic code
| translating
60
the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its simple beginnings to the complex diversity of organisms that exist today
evolution
61
evolution also accounts for the _____________ of organisms to their environment
adaption
62
_____________ was born in 1809
-The prevailing ideas at the time did not include evolution:
1.
2.
Charles Darwin
1. they believed the earth was young
2. they believe species that inhabited the earth were believed to be unrelated and unchanging
63
In 1809, _______________ became an early proponent of evolution
Jean Baptiste Lamark
64
Lemark suggested a mechanism to explain how organisms change and how evolution occurs
- Body parts that are used to explain how organisms lifetime become larger and stronger and these modifications are passed on to the organisms and offspring
- although not support genetically he deserve credit for first oppose to traditional ideas
Jean Baptiste Lamark
65
Charles Darwin was a naturalist on the _____________ from 1832-1836.
An around the world voyage
beagle
66
Darwin visited
- south america
| - a visit to the galapagos islands proved extremely influential
67
Darwin notices
| Darwins finches
- simularities among the species he encountered but also many differences
- species were well adapted to their environment
68
species diversity appears to be a result of
environmental diversity
69
durage his voyage, darwin read _______________
Principles of Geology
70
Lyles proposed that
the earth that is much older than 6,000 years and was sculpted by timely processes
71
_________________ shared his evolution discoveries with Darwin and they agreed
Russel Wallace
72
darwin published his book ______________. In his book, darwin used the phrase ___________________________ to describe evolution
the origin of species by means of natural selection.
descent by modification
73
all species are descended from there ancestors but
they are modified by their ancestors
74
Darwin argued that
adaption to environment and the origin of near species are related
75
a well supported mechanism by which evolution occurs
natural selection
76
fossils remnants of past organisms preserved in ___________________________
sedimentary rock
77
Sedimentary rock forms
layers over time
78
______________ traces the history of life from its origin a to its current state
the fossil record
79
many extinct _______________ that link ancestors to their modern descents have been discovered
transitional species
80
_______________ refers to the geographic distribution of species
biogeography
81
________________ refers to the comparison of body structure among species
comparative anatomy
82
_____________________ refers to the comparison among species of body structures that are present ONLY EARLY DURING DEVELOPMENT
comparative embryology
83
closely related species have DnA that has very similar
nucleotide sequences
few differences have accumulated because related species have spent a relatively short amount of time diverging from a recent common ancestor
84
two observation for natural selection
- individual organisms exhibit variation
| - species have the potential to produce for more offspring than the environment can support its limited resources
85
most variation is
inherited
86
limited resources lead to __________ among offspring
competition.
| Simular to Thomas Matus ideas
87
natural selection by combining two observations
- -natural selection is unequal
| - an accumulation of favorable traits adapts species to its environment
88
natural selection
- is not conscious, deliberate, or active process
- does not create new traits
- edits traits that are already present
- depends on time and place
- can only increase or decrease heritable traits within a population
89
organisms _____________ populations ______________
do not evolve
| evolve
90
darwin used _____________ to support natural selection
artificial selection
91
humans modify plants and animals by selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits accentuating those traits
artificial selection
92
the environment does selecting rather than humans
natural selection
93
a tentative answer to a scientific question that can be tested
hypothesis
- must be testable (not supernatural)
- must be repeatable (not annectotable)
94
in science ar much broader in scope than hypothesis they are supported by scientific evidence. explain a great number of observations
theories
95
natural selection and evolutionary change can be
directly observed and scientifically tested
