Chapter 34

Question 1

what are the four characteristics of a chordate

Answer 1

• dorsal hollow nerve cord
• notochord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• muscular post anal tail

Question 2

______________________: runs along the length of the chordate (anterior to posterior) on the dorsal side. Eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

-dorsal hollow nerve cord

Question 3

-dorsal hollow nerve cord become the ______________ in vertebrates

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord

Question 4

____________________: a flexible supporting rod that rubs the length of the chordate, between the dorsal hollow nerve cord and the digestive tract. Forms part of the vertebral column

Answer 4

notochord

Question 5

the notochord forms part of the _________________ in vertebrates

Answer 5

vertebral column

Question 6

_________________ slits in the pharynx that developed into gas openings for gas exchange. Only seen in embryonic development in terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 6

pharyngeal slits

Question 7

pharyngeal slits only are seen during ______________f or terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 7

embryonic development

Question 8

__________________________ tail posterior to the completion of the digestive tract (anus) only seen during embryonic development of apes

Answer 8

muscular post anal tail

Question 9

muscular post anal tail only seen during ________________ in _________________

Answer 9

embryonic development

apes (including humans )

Question 10

__________________ are sessile marine filter feeders. Little resemblance to other chordates as adults. But the larvae stage possess all four chordate characteristics.

Answer 10

tunicates

urochordata

Question 11

the only of the 4 characteristics maintain in the adult form of a tunicate

Answer 11

gill slits

Question 12

tunicates are

Answer 12

urochordata

Question 13

_______________ are free swimming marine filter feeders. They exhibit all 4 characteristics throughout their life

Answer 13

lancelets

Cephalochordate

Question 14

__________________ means jawless mouth

Answer 14

agathans

Question 15

__________________ means jawed mouth

Answer 15

gnathostomes

Question 16

_______________________ the earliest vertebrate group. Possess a skull but no vertebral column. Marine Savenger. Skull made of cartilage

Answer 16

hagfish myxioidea

Question 17

a hag fish is a

Answer 17

myxioidea

Question 18

myxioidea has a skull made of ______________

Answer 18

cartilage

Question 19

myxioidea have a protective structure called a _________________

Answer 19

slime poors

Question 20

_________________ the very first vertebrates to possess a vertebral column. The skull an vertebral column as still made of cartilage. They are aquatic and ectoparasite.

Answer 20

lampreys, petromyzotoidea

Question 21

lampreys are ______________________

Answer 21

petromyzotoidea

Question 22

___________________ suck the blood of other fish

Answer 22

ectoparasites

Question 23

the skull and vertebral column are still made of __________________ in petromyzotoidea

Answer 23

cartilage

Question 24

_________________________________ the skull of vertebral column are still made of cartilage. The first vertebrates to possess jaws. Also possess appendages

Answer 24

cartilaginous fishes, chondrichthyes

Question 25

______________ are first derived from ________________ of the cartilaginous fish jawless ancestors

Answer 25

jaws | gil slits

Question 26

the first appendages in chondrichthyes

Answer 26

-two pectoral and two pelvic fins for swimming

Question 27

________________ only had ___________________________

Answer 27

a single dorsal fin and a single ventral fin

Question 28

cartilaginous fish include: (2)

Answer 28

- sharks: active predators | - rays: predaceous grazers

Question 29

cartilaginous are mostly ___________________ with few ____________

Answer 29

marine | freshwater

Question 30

__________________________ the largest vertebrates group. Half of all vertebrates. marine and freshwater. the first vertebrates to possess a skull and vertebral column with calcium salt

Answer 30

ray finned fish actinopterygii

Question 31

ray finned fish are __________________________

Answer 31

actinopterygii

Question 32

_____________________ mineralized skelton of calcium salts

Answer 32

bone

Question 33

first bony fish

Answer 33

actinopterygii

Question 34

new innovation of bony fish:

Answer 34

1. a bony operculum | 2. swim bladder

Question 35

_______________ covering the gills. deaths whether th fish is swimming or not in order to pass water over gills.

Answer 35

bony operculum

Question 36

how did cartilaginous fish function without a bony operculum

Answer 36

they have to swim to push water over gills and therefore breath

Question 37

___________________ a gas filled sac that enables the fish to maintain its buoyancy

Answer 37

swim bladder

Question 38

how does a cartilaginous affected by not having a swim bladder

Answer 38

it sinks in they stop swimming

Question 39

_____________________ fins are more fleshy muscular than those of ray finned fish. are important group in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial. Marine.

Answer 39

lobe finned fish | actinistia and dipnoi

Question 40

lobe finned fishes _________________________

Answer 40

actinistia and dipnoi

Question 41

______________ lungfish. freshwater. possess both gill and lungs. a new trait enabling the transition to land

Answer 41

dipnoi

Question 42

______________________ lungfish that are marine and known as coelacanths

Answer 42

actinistia

Question 43

______________________ the earliest tetrapods. The first terrestrial vertebrates.

Answer 43

amphibia. amphibians

Question 44

the four legs with four feet: __________________________ of amphibians of ambitions aquatic ancestor were modified into the forelimbs and hind legs

Answer 44

pelvic and pectoral fins

Question 45

amphibians are _____________

Answer 45

amphibians

Question 46

___________________ means dual life

Answer 46

amphibian

Question 47

amphibians are still contained to _________________

Answer 47

water - they ley eggs in water to prevent desiccation - the larvae develop in water as tadpoles - adult skin stays moist for respiration

Question 48

amphibians lay eggs in _________________________ for _______________

Answer 48

water to prevent desiccation

Question 49

amphibian larvae are ____________

Answer 49

tadpoles

Question 50

adult amphibians must have __________________f or ________________ in their __________________

Answer 50

moist skin gas exchange primitive lungs

Question 51

examples of amphibians

Answer 51

frogs and salamanders

Question 52

________________ is made of reptiles and mammals

Answer 52

amniotes

Question 53

_______________ are amniotes, possessing an amniotic egg. they have skin in form of waterproof scales. consist of extant and extinct groups.

Answer 53

reptiles

Question 54

amniotes possess a _____________

Answer 54

abiotic egg, encloses the pond so that reptiles are freed from constant of water for reproduction

Question 55

an amniotic egg contains _______________________________

Answer 55

- outer shell | - four inner membranous sacs

Question 56

the 4 membranes in amniotic egg

Answer 56

-yolk sac -albumen -allantois chorion

Question 57

___________ contains the embryo in an amniotic egg

Answer 57

amnion

Question 58

________________ contains nutrients in a amniotic egg

Answer 58

yolk sac

Question 59

_________________ contains waste in a amniotic egg

Answer 59

allantois

Question 60

__________________ alllows for gas exchange in a amniotic egg

Answer 60

chorion

Question 61

________________ provide water for amniotic egg

Answer 61

albumen

Question 62

because water is not necessary for respiration in reptiles their __________________________

Answer 62

lungs are fully developed

Question 63

reptiles are scales to prevent __________________

Answer 63

desiccation

Question 64

reptile clade consist of__________extant species

Answer 64

``` 4 testudinia- turtles leidosauria-lizards and snakes crocodillia- crocodile and alligators aves-birds ```

Question 65

extinct dinosaurs also belong to reptile they are most closely related to ______

Answer 65

aves

Question 66

birds are reptiles modifies for _________________

Answer 66

flight

Question 67

in birds forelimb is modified into -_________

Answer 67

wings

Question 68

in birds scales are modified into ____________

Answer 68

feathers

Question 69

in birds the sternum is modified into a _____________________ for powerful flight muscles

Answer 69

keel

Question 70

reduction if weight of birds

Answer 70

- honeycomb bones | - absense of teeth and bladder

Question 71

birds are _____________________ for flight energy costs

Answer 71

endotherms

Question 72

___________________ possess mammary glands.

Answer 72

Mammals, mammalia

Question 73

two key mammal characteristics

Answer 73

- mammary glands | - hair

Question 74

birds and mammals are _________________

Answer 74

endothermic

Question 75

three groups of mammals

Answer 75

- monotremes - marsupials - eutherians

Question 76

______________ earliest mammals, they lay eggs like reptiles. Ex- platypus

Answer 76

monotremes

Question 77

marsupials replace the __________________ with a ______________

Answer 77

amniotic egg and placenta

Question 78

________________ is an internal vascular connection between mother and fetus

Answer 78

placenta

Question 79

in marsupials the placental stage is _________

Answer 79

short

Question 80

in marsupials offspring are born very young and complete their development while nursing within ___________________

Answer 80

mothers pouch

Question 81

in mammals ______________ have a much longer placental stage. The largest group of mammals

Answer 81

eutherians

Question 82

largest eutherian

Answer 82

rodents