Chapter 54

Question 1

________________ focuses on all of the species within a particular area

Answer 1

communtiy ecology

Question 2

3 focuses of community ecology

Answer 2

• species interactions
• biodiversity
• disturbance and succession

Question 3

both organisms are positively effected

Answer 3

mutualism

Question 4

one organisms is possitively effected while the other is not effected

Answer 4

commensalism

Question 5

__________ is a negative effect on one organism and apossitive relatinship on the other

Answer 5

predation

Question 6

_______________ is the negative effect on one organism and no effect on the other

Answer 6

amensalism

Question 7

___________ is a relationship between organisms that has no effect on either organism

Answer 7

neutralism

Question 8

___________________ is a relationship that has negative effects on both organisms

Answer 8

competition

Question 9

what do organisms compete for

Answer 9

• resources

- mates

Question 10

_________________: food, water, space, light

Answer 10

cometitive resources

Question 11

________________ is when one competior uses a resource reducing its availability for other competitors

Answer 11

exploitation

Question 12

_________________ is when two competive physically challenge each other to obtain resource, allelopathy in plants

Answer 12

interferance and direct competition

Question 13

a species collective use of biotic and abiotic resources of its enviroment is termed a species ____________

Answer 13

niche

Question 14

two species cannot occupy the exact same ____________ with a community termed _________________

Answer 14

niche

competitive exclusion principle

Question 15

simular species do coexist in a communtity by way of ___________________

Answer 15

resource partitioning

Question 16

the evolution of slight differences between _______________ to avoid complete overlap, thereby avoiding complete competition

Answer 16

niche

Question 17

can competition be demonstrated in nature

Answer 17

large acorn barnicles are found in lower intertidal while small acorn barnacles are found only in the upper intertidal

Question 18

_____________ show these distributions to be the result of competition

Answer 18

removal experiment

Question 19

when large acorn barnicles are remove

Answer 19

small acorn barnicals colonize all intertidal

Question 20

when small acorn barnicles are removed

Answer 20

large acorn barnicles remain out of the upper intertidal

Question 21

large acorn barnecles are ______________ keeping small acorn barnacles out of lower and middle intertidal

Answer 21

superior competitions

Question 22

large acorn barnacles are ________________ which prevents them from surviving in the upper intertidal

Answer 22

susceptible to desication

Question 23

_______________ consist of different species acquire nutrient in the same way

Answer 23

guilds

Question 24

competition will therefore occur between member of the same ______________

Answer 24

guilds

Question 25

many rodents and ants belong to the granivore species _____________ so they compete for seeds

Answer 25

guilds

Question 26

competition will therefore occcur between member of the same ___________

Answer 26

guilds

Question 27

amensalism is essentially a form of competion called _____________________

Answer 27

one sided

Question 28

all competition falls somewhere between completely equal and completely ________________________________________

Answer 28

one sided

Question 29

________________ usually kill and consume many pray items. | ex:

Answer 29

true preditors

Question 30

__________ consume only parts of many plants of algal prey items throughout their lives. generally do not kill their prey grazors that feed on plants and algae

Answer 30

herbavores

Question 31

_____________________ consume only parts of just one of a few prey items throighout their lives. Parasites generally do not kill their prey

Answer 31

parasitism

Question 32

some true predators _________ throughout their habitat in search of prey

Answer 32

forage

Question 33

others are __________ preadtors remaining in one place and attacking prey that move within striking distance

Answer 33

sit and weight

Question 34

__________ have evolved various adaptations to avoid being eaten

Answer 34

prey

Question 35

3 adaptations of true predators

Answer 35

- physical defenses - chemical defenses - coloration

Question 36

_________ coloration _________ coloration ________ batesian and mullerian

Answer 36

warning cryptic mimicry

Question 37

``` predators have evolved adaptations that enable them to better _____________________ -____________ claws poison crypsis agility ```

Answer 37

prey | acute senses

Question 38

predator and prey populations to __________ over time

Answer 38

cycle

Question 39

most true predators are _____________________

Answer 39

polyphageus

Question 40

true predators are __________ that feed on many prey species

Answer 40

generalists

Question 41

most herbivores are ________________

Answer 41

oligophagores

Question 42

herbivores are ____________ that feed on just a few plant species

Answer 42

specialists

Question 43

______________ have evolved various adaptions to avoid being eaten

Answer 43

plants

Question 44

___________ defenses | spines and thorins

Answer 44

structural

Question 45

________ defenses | secondary components that are roxic to herbivore or that attract the predators of the herbavore

Answer 45

chemical

Question 46

herbivoress have ___________ that enable them to better obtain plants

Answer 46

evolved adaptations

Question 47

______________ is an organisms that lives in close association with a host organism

Answer 47

parasite

Question 48

overtime the host often dies and the parasite dies as well, by this point, the parasite has completed _______________________

Answer 48

reproduction

Question 49

herbavores adaptations generall involve the evolution of mechanism to _________ the plant defenses

Answer 49

tolerate

Question 50

spines can be consumed or secondary compounds can be digested by certain herbivores. This provides an _________ food source to the _____________ species

Answer 50

abundant tolerate

Question 51

certain species within al major groups of organisms act as parasites - prokaryotes __________ - fungi - viruses - protists __________ - animals _________ - plants _____________

Answer 51

bacteria nor archae protozoans and water molds worms and athropods dodder

Question 52

________ are small parasites

Answer 52

microparasites

Question 53

-------------- are large parasites

Answer 53

macroparasites

Question 54

_____________ life and reproduce within their hosts

Answer 54

endoparasites

Question 55

__________ live and reproduce outside of the host

Answer 55

ectoparasites

Question 56

_______________ died if their host dies

Answer 56

obligatory parasites

Question 57

______________ parasites are obligatory

Answer 57

most

Question 58

______________ parasites continue to live even if the host dies

Answer 58

faculative parasites

Question 59

some _________ kill their host trees but then continue decomposing them afterwards

Answer 59

fungi

Question 60

____________ are specific to certain host species

Answer 60

parasite species

Question 61

parasite life cycles can be ___________

Answer 61

very complex

Question 62

the most widespread example of commensalism is ______________

Answer 62

decompositon

Question 63

the decomposer benefit while the organisms being decomposed are neither positively nor negatively affected

Answer 63

bacteria and fungi are the most common decomposers though certain animals would be included

Question 64

the _____ are the positive organism in a +/0 relationship

Answer 64

decomposer

Question 65

ecological engineers are an example of

Answer 65

commensalism

Question 66

____________ preovided habitat for other organisms without themselves being affected

Answer 66

ecological engineers

Question 67

ecological engineers are _________ organisms in a +/0 relationship

Answer 67

0

Question 68

_________________ is fungi a very close association between individuals of two species in which one lives on or in the other and both are physiollogically integrated to some extent

Answer 68

symbiotic relationship

Question 69

parasitism and mutualism are often but not always ______________

Answer 69

symbiotic

Question 70

competition amensalism, true predation herbibority and commensalism are non symbiotic relationships ____________ relationships

Answer 70

non symbiotic relatinships

Question 71

symbiotic and mutualism

Answer 71

-mycorizzae -lichens nitrogen fixing and bacteria within corals zooxanthella within corals bacteria and protozoans within animals guts

Question 72

flowering plants and their ____________ insects __________ and their animal dispersers leaf cutter and fungue gardens

Answer 72

pollinating | fruits

Question 73

_____________________ a smaller animals species feeds on parasites of a larger animals species. The cleaner receives food. The client receives defense against parasites

Answer 73

cleaners and clients

Question 74

_______________ ants live within thorns along the branches of these

Answer 74

acacia trees

Question 75

acacia trees and ants are not a symbiotic relationship because even though ants live within the acacias there is no __________ between them

Answer 75

physiological interactions

Question 76

_______________ refers to the number of species within a community as well as the relative number of each species

Answer 76

biodiversity

Question 77

___________ the number of species within a community

Answer 77

richness

Question 78

_______________ the relative abundance of each species within the community

Answer 78

eveness

Question 79

2 commonents of biodiversity

Answer 79

richness | -evenness

Question 80

consider two communities a and b with four species each species _________________ is equal is the species diverse? this depends on _____________

Answer 80

richness | evenness

Question 81

two common methods employed to measure biodiversity

Answer 81

- rank abundance curve | - diversity indices

Question 82

_________________ show the abundance of each species (log transformed) ranked in order from most abundant to least abundant

Answer 82

rank abundance

Question 83

rank abundance curves occur in

Answer 83

3 shapes

Question 84

______________: very few species one species very abundant the next most abundant species far mosre abundant low richness and low evenness lead to low diverisity examples are tundra and alpine

Answer 84

geometric series

Question 85

____________ many species the most abundant and next several most abundant species all have almost the same number of individuals high richness and high evenness lead to high diversity. examples include tropical rainforests and coral reef communitties

Answer 85

broken stick

Question 86

__________________ high richness and lower evenness than broken stick intermediate diversity between geometric series and broken stick

Answer 86

log normal

Question 87

________________ are equactions that combine richness and evenness into a single value

Answer 87

diversity indicces are equations that combine richness and evenness