Chapter 46-47 Flashcards
1
Q
the reproductive system functions in the __________________________
A
reproduction of offspring
2
Q
various forms of asexual reproduction are:
A
- fission
- budding
- fragmentation
- parthanogenesis
3
Q
______________ asexual reproduction exhibited by sea anemones
A
fission
4
Q
_________________ asexual reproduction exhibited by hydras
A
budding
5
Q
____________ asexual reproduction exhibited by planarians and sea stars
A
fragmentation
6
Q
________________ rotifers and some lizards
A
parthanogenesis
7
Q
offspring are produced by way of ________________ in a great majority of animals
A
sexual reproduction
8
Q
variation among sexual reproducers
A
- hemaphradodism and sex reversals
- external and internal fertilization
- oviparity, vivparity, oviparity
9
Q
sexual reproduction can be challenged for organisms that _______________________
A
seldom encounter a mate
10
Q
hemaphrodite have both ________________ reproductive structures
A
male and female
11
Q
in hemaphrodites
A
- both individuals donate and receive sperm when mating
- this ensures that an animal can mate with any individual it encounters
12
Q
certain animals endergo sex reversals when one sex becomes _______________
A
rare
13
Q
during ____________________ eggs and sperm are released into the enviroment where fertilization occurs
A
external fertilization
14
Q
external fertilization requires a __________________________________________
A
moist enviroment and mass spawning
15
Q
during _________________ sperm are deposited within female reproductive tract where fertilization occurs
A
copulatory organ
16
Q
internal fertilization requires ___________________________________
A
copulatory organ
17
Q
animals exhibiting internal fertilization may undergo __________________________
A
different modes of development
18
Q
in _________________ animals offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body
A
oviparous animals
19
Q
in _____________________ animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus
A
viviparous animals
20
Q
in __________________ offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus
A
oviviparous animals
21
Q
___________________ example of offspring develop and hatch from eggs laid outside of the body
A
reptiles
22
Q
___________________ example of animals offspring are born after having developed within the uterus
A
eutherin mmals
23
Q
______________ example of offspring hatch from eggs that develope within uterus
A
shark
24
Q
animal reproductive system generally consist of
A
- gonads
- a duct system
- accessory glands
- a uterus
25
gonads: for the _________________ of gametes
production
26
a duct system: for the _________________________ of gametes
transport
27
acessory glands: for the _____________________ of gametes
protection and nourishment
28
a uterus: for the ____________ of offspring
development
29
________ exist in reproductive anatomy
variation
30
femal insects possess _________________: organs that store sperm
spermathecase
31
nonmammalian vertebrates possess a __________
cloaca
32
___________ a common external opening for the digestive excretory and reproductive system
cloaca
33
Humans and other mmals typify ______________________
animal and reproductive system
34
________________ for the protection of gametes
gonads
35
_________________ for transport of gametes
a duct system
36
________________ for the protection and nourishment of gametes
acessory glands
37
___________________ for developement of offspring
uterrus
38
the primary male sex organ are the ___________________
testes
39
the male reproductive system also includes a ________________________
duct system, accessory glands, and penis
40
testes are the males _________________ which produce sperm
gonads
41
male gamtes
sperm
42
______________________ projects into the testis as septa, dividing the testis into lobules
tunica albuginea
43
___________________________ is located into each lobule
semiferous tubules
44
sperm production occurs within the ___________________
semiferous tubules
45
the ______________ is a sac suspended from the body (between thighs)
scrotum
46
testes are located in the ________________
scrotum
47
sperm can not be produced at normal body temperature ________________, the scrotum hold the testes outside of the abdominopelvic cavity from the body core at a temperature of _______________
37
| 34
48
___________ is a connective tissue sheath that connect the scrotum to the abdomino pelvic cavity
spermatic cord
49
_______________ within the spermatic cord are the muscles that contract to bring the testes closer to the body core
cooler temperatures
50
within the spermatic cord are ________________ that supply the testes
blood vessels and cord
51
a series of ____________ carries sperm from testes to outside of body
ducts
52
4 ducts of testes in order
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory ducts
- urethra
53
the ___________ is a highly coiled duct that surrouns the superior and posterior testis
epididymis
54
sperm leave testis in an _____________ state.
immature state
55
sperm mature as they slowly make their way through the _________________
epididymis
56
sperm are _____________ from the epididymis , not the testes
ejaculated
57
_________________ is a very long duct that follows upward from the epididymis
ductus deferens
58
the ductus deferens travels within the ________________________________ propels sperm into the abdominal pelvic cavity.
spermatic cord
59
ductus deferens ultimately wraps around the _________________________
urinary bladder
60
ductus deferens converges with the _____________________ within the prostate glands it forms the ____________________
seminal vesicle
| ejaculatory duct
61
also within the prostate gland, the ejaculatory duct converges with the _________________ exiting the ______________
urethra
| urinary bladder
62
from this point on, the urethra is a common duct for both _______________________
excretion and reproduction
63
the urethra travels through the ___________________
prostate and penis
64
seminal duct runs through the _______________
prostate gland
65
prostate glands in located ______________
under blatter
66
__________________ produce seminal fluid that gets mixed with sperm during ejaculation
accessory glands
67
seminal fluid provides _____________ to the sperm, ________________ found in the urethra and female reproductive tract and suppresses the female ___________________________
nutreints
nutralizes acids
immune responce
68
the combination of sperm plus seminal fluid is called _______________________
semen
69
3 acessory glands in male reporductive tract
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
70
________________ are located at the back of the urinary bladder, next to the end of the ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
71
sperm are first mixed with seminal fluid in the _________________ where the seminal vesicles secrete their fluid
ejaculatory duct
72
seminal vesicles fluid for _____________ of semen volume
60%
73
________________ is located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the beginning of the urethra
prostate gland
74
the prostate gland fluid acounts for ____________ of semen volume
35%
75
________________ are tiny galnds that connect to the urthethra within the penis
bulbourethral glands
76
bulbourethral glands makes up __________ of semen volume
5%
77
only a _______________ of semen is actully sperm
a tiny fraction
| (yet millions are released in a single ejaculation) shows how truely small
78
the penis is the male _______________________
copulatory organ
79
penis delivers perm to the ________________
female reproductive tract
80
the free unattached region of the penis is the _____________
body
81
the body contains three long cylinders of ___________________
erectile tissue
| -single corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa
82
the spongy erectile tissue fills blood during sexual stimulation allowing the penis to serve as a ___________________
copulatory organ
83
the attached region of the penis is the ___________ which is attached to the pelivis
root
84
the bulb is the expansion of the the corpus spongiosum within the root and the crura are the expansions of the ___________________________
corpora cavernosa within the root
85
the bulb and the cura _______________ the penis in the ____________
anchor
| abdomino pelvic cavity
86
the primary female sex organs are _____________
ovaries
87
the female reproductive system also includes a _______________
duct system
88
ovaries are the female _______________ which produce eggs
gonads
89
the ovaries are anchored ___________________________ by several ligaments
within the abdominopelvic cavity
90
the ________________ ligments attach the ovaries to the uterus
ovaries
91
the _____________________ attach the ovaries to the wall of abdominopelvic wall
suspensory ligaments
92
the ______________ supports the ovaries uterine tubes and uterus
broad ligament
93
the ovary is surrounded by a ____________________ that does not form septa or lobules
tunica albiginea
94
the outer region of ovary ____________
cortex
95
eggs develope in the __________
cortex
96
a developing egg is surrounded by a follicle, consisting of layers of protective cells plus a fluid-filled ______________ that provided nutrients to the egg
atrum
97
after ovulation of the egg, the degenerating follicle is called the _________________
corpus leteum
98
the inner region of the ovary is the _____________
medulla
99
the inner region of the ovary is the ______________
medulla
100
the _____________ supply are located within the medulla
ovary blood vessel and nerve supply
101
___________ carries the eggs from the ovaries to the outside of the body
series of ducts
102
3 ducts in ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
103
________________ move the egg from the ovary to the uterus
uterine tube
104
the ____________ is the funnel shaped beginning of the uterine tube that received the eggs ovulated from the ovary
infundibulum
105
_________________ sweeps eggs from the ovary into the uterine tube
fimbrae
106
_____________ is a lateral curve of the uterine tube
ampulla
107
___________________ generally occurs within the ampulla
fertilization
108
the ________________ forms the majority of the uterine tube
isthmus
109
_______________ within the isthmus moves the egg through the tube
smooth muscle
110
________________ produce secretions that keep the egg moist and nourished
simple collumnar
111
the __________ part of the uterine tube is continuous with the wall of uterus
uterine
112
the _____________ receives protects and nourished the developing embryo and fetus is fertilization has taken place
uterus
113
uterus is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________
rectum and blatter
114
the uterine wall consists of ________________________
mymetrium and endometrium lining
115
myometrium is a thick layer of __________________ that contracts during labor
smooth muscle
116
________________ surround lumen. the location of implantation by embryo
endometrium
117
its very ____________: the endomentrium builds up in preparation from implantation and breaks down during ____________
vascular
| mestration
118
the narrow inferior region of the uterus is the _____________
cervix
119
the ___________ extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
vagina
120
the vagina serves as a passageway for ____________ and for release of ______________
baby during childbirth
| menstrual flows
121
the vagine also functions as the female _______________ receiving the penis during intercourse
copulatory organ
122
the vagine is located anterior to the ____________ and posterior to the ________________
rectum
| urethra
123
the female reproductive cycle consists of a combination of _____________________
two coordinated cycles
124
the _______________ cycle regulates ovulation. the release of an egg from the ovary
ovarian
125
the ___________ cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy
| the implantation of an embryo into the endometrium
mentral
126
the ________________________ is controlled by the interactions of various hormones
female reproductive cycle
127
if fertilization and pregnancy occur the embryo (implanted in the endometrium) releases the hormone _____________________________________
HGC (human chorion gonadotropin)
128
_________________ maintains the corpus luteum
HGC
129
___________________ formation of sperm
spermatogenesis
130
estrogen and progestrone keep endometrium intact
menstration
131
estrogen and progestrone inhibit the release of fsh and lh, preventing the development of a new ______________
folicle
132
spermatogonia are located within ______________
serminiferous tubules
133
spermatids develop into __________________
sperm
134
an ______________ which will penetrate the egg, surrounds the head
acrosome
135
if a sperm cell contracts the secondary oocyte, it completes ___________________
meiosis 2
136
_________________________ gives rise to a mature egg and a polar body
secondary oocyte
137
egg is fertilizes by __________
sperm
138
______________ if the formation of gametes
gametogenesis
139
speragonia reduce primary spermatocytes by ___________________
mitosis
140
primary spermatocytes undergo ______________________________ to produce secondary spermatocytes
meiosis 1
141
secondary spermatocytes undergo __________________ to give rise to spermatids
meiosis 2
142
spermatids develop into __________________
sperm
143
the head of the sperm is the _____________ region containing the haploid nucleus of DNA
genetic
144
an __________________________ who penetrate the egg surround the sperm head
acrosome
145
the mid piece is the _________________ region of the sperm that contains the mitochondria that power the tail
metabolic
146
the tail is the _________________________ region of a flagellum that propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract
locamotion
147
___________________ are located within the ovary at birth
oogonia
148
oogonia produce ______________ by mitosis
primary oocytes
149
primary oocytes are arrested during ________________ of meiosis 1 until just prior to ovulation
ovulation
150
at the completion of meiosis 1, a secondary oocyte it completes ____________________
meisos
151
the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the polar body ____________________
degenerates
152
____________________ is the union of sperm and egg
fertilization
153
fertilization combines ________________________ from two individuals and produces a ___________________________
haploid sets of chromosomes
| diploid zygote
154
fertilization initiates ___________________
embryonic development
155
an egg is surrounded by a ___________________________
jelly coat and a vitelline layer
156
the __________________ is an external protective barrier
jelly coat
157
the vitelline layer contains _________________________ that are species specific
receptors
158
______________________ provides chromosomes during fertilization but nothing else
sperm
159
_________________ a fertilized egg
zygote
160
embryonic development 4 steps
- cleavage
- gastrulation
- neuralation
- organogenesis
161
________________ is the formation of an early embryo from mitotic divisions of the zygote
cleavage
162
the embryo resulting from cleavage is a _________________________
blastula
163
_______________________ is a hollow ball of cells
blastula
164
____________ hollow center of the blastula
clastocole
165
the blastula is approximately the same size of a _____________________
zygote
166
cleavage is a rapid cell division without growth
each cell is significantly smaller than the zygote
167
_________________ rearranges the position of the blastula's cells forming an embryonic stage called a __________________
gastrulation
| gastrula
168
___________________ has three tissue layers and a primitive digestive cavity
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
gastrula
169
the digestive cavity of a gastrula __________________
archenteron
170
_________________ a region of ectoderm at the top of the gastrula thicken forming the neural plate and neutral fold. The neural plate and folds give rise to the neural tube
neuralation
171
the neural tube is a chordata embryonic _____________________________
dorsal hollow nerve cord
172
below the neural tube, mesoderm produces the _______________________
notochord
173
___________________ during subsequent development the three tissue layers give rise to all of the animals organs and organ systems
organogenesis
174
the ectoderm gives rise to the _______________________
integumentary and nervus system
175
the endoderm gives rise to the _______________________________________
digestive and respiratory systems
176
the mesoderm gives rise to _________________
most other organ systems
- skeletal
- muscular
- circulatory
