Chapter 40 Flashcards
1
Q
___________________ is the study of the structure of living organisms and how all of an organisms body parts relate to each other
A
anatomy
2
Q
___________________ is the study of the function of living organisms and the mechanisms by which all of the body parts work.
A
physiology
3
Q
_________________ reflects _________________
A
function, structure
what a body part can do depends on its form
4
Q
physical laws impose ________________________antomy in its particular enviroment
A
constraints on an animals
5
Q
Physiology is affected by _____________
A
physical laws
6
Q
_________________ of unrelated animals represents adaptation by way of natural selection to these enviromental constraints
A
convergent evolution
7
Q
animal anatomy and physiology are organized into a _________________________
A
structural and functional hierarchy
8
Q
what is the animal structural and functional hierarchy
A
- organism
- organ system
- organs
- tissue
- cells
9
Q
all animal cells form _____________________ within its body
A
4 tissue types
10
Q
4 tissue types
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
11
Q
_________________ covers the body’s outer surface and lines its internal cavities
A
epithelial
12
Q
____________________ binds and supports the body’s organs
A
connective tissue
13
Q
_______________________ enables movement
A
muscle tissue
14
Q
____________ enables communication among the bodys organs
A
nervous tissue
15
Q
general location of epidermis
A
covers the body surface and lines the bodys internal cavities
16
Q
two general functions of epithelial tissue
A
- protection
- passage of substances
17
Q
in epithelial tissue their are rows of cells
A
held tightly together with little extracellular matrix
18
Q
_____________ distinct cell surfaces
A
polarity
19
Q
________________ upper surface is exposed to external enviroment or to internal cavity
A
apical surface
20
Q
_______________________ lower surface attaches to basment membrane
A
basal surface
21
Q
______________ surfaces to join to neighboring cells
A
lateral side surfaces
22
Q
epithelial tissue is allows attached to underlaying ________________
A
connective tissue
23
Q
______________________ is the boundary between the epithelial and connective tissue
A
basement membrane
24
Q
epithelial tissue is ______________ meaning no blood vessels.
A
avascular
25
epithelial tissue receives its nutrients from ________________________
underlaying connective tissue
26
because of the location of epidermal cells, much _________________ occurs to ______________
cell division, replace lost cells
27
epithelial tissue is classified by 2 things
- shape of cell
| - layering of cells
28
___________________ in epithelial tissue has just one layer of cells
simple epithelial
29
_____________________ epithelium has multiple cell layer
stratified epithelial tissue
30
_________ are flattened epithelial cell
squamos cells
31
________________ are cub shaped cells
cuboidal cells
32
________________ are tall and ellongated
collumnar cells
33
_____________________ and ________________ are location of simple squamos epithelium
```
air sacs (alveoli) of lungs
-blood vessel linning
```
34
____________________________ lining the inside of the blood vessels
endothelium
35
____________________ internal space of a hollow organ
lumen
36
___________________________ a single layer of box shaped cells used for secretion and absorbtion
simple cuboidal epithelium
37
___________________ is a location of simple cubiodal epithelium
kidney tubules
38
_______________________ a single layer of tall elongated cells. may contain cilia on the apical surface. The function is absorbtion and secretion of mucus
simple collumnar epithelium
39
_____________________________________ are location of simple columnar epithelium
digestive tract
| uterine tubes
40
________________ a single layer of columnar cells of different heights. All tough the basement membrane but only the tallest reach the apical surface. often possess cillia. may function in preotection and secretion of mucus
psedostratified columnar epithelium
41
______________________ are location of pseudostratidies columnar epithelium
larynx, trachea, and bronchi
42
__________________ multiple layers of cells. Apical cells. maycontain durable protein, keratin. protects against abrasion
stratified squamos epithelium
43
______________________ are location of stratified squamos epithelum
digestive tract and epidermis of skin
44
stratified squamos epithelum contains ______________ a waterproofing protein
keratin
45
_________________________ is located everywhere in the body and is the most abundant tissue type
general location
46
the general function of connective tissue are ________________________
connect body structure and protection, storage, and transport
47
3 types of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper
- supporting connective tissue
- fluid connective tissue
48
2 type of connective tissue proper
- loose connective tissue
| - dense connective tissue
49
3 supporting connective tissues
- adipose tissue
- cartilage
- bone
50
1 fluid connective tissue
-blood
51
2 components of connective tissue
cells and extracellular matrix
52
________________ are widely seperated and produce extra cellular matrix
cells of connective tissue
53
___________________ the majority of the connective tissue. Responsible for the binding properties of the tissue. nonliving. made of fibers and ground substance
extracellular matrix
54
______________________ are name for which they belong
connective tissue cells
55
____________________ belong to connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
56
______________________ belong to adipose tissue
adiposecytes
57
______________ belong to cartilage
chondrocytes
58
_________________ belong to bone
osteocytes
59
___________________ are blood cells
erythrucytes and leukocytes
60
____________________ made of collagen. The largest ,most abundant fibers. Flexable but strong and resistant
collagen fibers
61
____________________ made of protein collagen. small branching fibers. flexibility and elasticity intermediate between collagen and elastic fibers
reticulate fibers
62
___________________ fills the space between connective tissue cells and fibers. contains water and dissolved solutes. GLues tissues together
ground substance
63
ground substance is a _________________________________
viscous interstitial fluid
64
_________________ a type of connective tissue with fewer fibers and more ground substance
loose connective tissue
65
_________________ a type of connective tissue with fewer fibers and more ground substance
loose connective tissue
66
_____________________ a type of connective tissue with
| more fibers, less ground substance
fibrous connective tissue
67
____________________ is the loose arrangement of fibroblasts and fibers with much ground substance
loose connective tissue
68
functions of loose connective tissue
- binding and support
| - typical connective tissue
69
connective tissue cells
fibroblasts
70
type of fibers in connective
- collagen
- elastic
- reticulate
71
locations of loose connective tissue
- everywhere in the body
- often the connective tissue that underlies epithelial tissue
- surrounds nerves and blood vessels
72
__________________ collagen fibers only. Densely paccked fibers run parallel to each other. The function in resisting stres.
fibrous connective tissue
73
locations of fibrous connective tissue
- ligaments
- tendons
- dermis
74
two types of connective tissue proper
- loose connective proper
| - dense connective proper
75
_____________________ A CLOSELY PACKED CONNECTIVE TISSUE. little extracellular matrix.
adipose tissue
76
_________________ are cells in adipose tissue. composed primarily of a fat droplet.
adipocytes
77
3 functions of adipose tissue
- storage
- insulation
- cushioning of organs
78
2 locations of adipose tissue
- under skin
| - surrround organs: eyes, heart, kidneys
79
________________________ the extracellular matric consist of collagen and elastic fibers plus a firm semisolid ground substance
supporting connective tissue- cartilage
80
the cartilage cells: ___________ in ______________
condrocytes, lacunae
81
____________ is the only avascular connective tissue
avascular
82
function of cartilage
support with flexibility
83
locations of cartilage
- ends of bones
- knees
- vertaebral discs
- between ribs and sternum
- respiratory system
- ears
- nose
- entire skeleton of cartilagenous fish, lampreyy, hagfishes
84
_________________ is made of collagen fibers only. calcium salts within the matrix make it hard.
bone
85
(bone cells) _____________ reside in _______________
osteocytes in lacunae
86
bone is arranged ________________
cylindrical as osteons.
87
bone is ________
vascular
88
blood vessel run through each osteons _____________________
central canal
89
3 functions of bone
- support
- protection
- blood cell production
90
_____________ fluid connective tissue
blood
91
3 cells of blood
- erthyrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets (cell fragments)
92
the bloods matrix is _______________
all ground dubstance no fibers
93
names for bloods ground substance
plasma
94
general location of muscle tissue
muscles and hollow organs
95
_________________ tissue used for movement. It is highly cellular and vascular
muscle tissue
96
________________ is a type of muscle tissue in which the cells are long and mutinucleate that contain straitions
skeletal muscles
97
skeltal muscle is ________________
volluntary and striated
98
functions of skeletal muscles
- movement and resist movement
| - manipulation of enviroment
99
location of skeletal muscle tissue
attached to bones
100
________________ is a single muscle cell
muscle fiber
101
_______________ is a type of muscle tissue that is shorter, branched, uninucleate with visable striation. involntary.
cardiac muscle
102
adjacent cardia muslce cells connect to each other at ____________________
intercalated discs
103
function and location of cardiac muscles
pumps the heat to propel blood. located in heart walls
104
______________ short tapered, uninucleate cells that lack striation. involuntary
smooth muscle
105
function of smooth muscle
to propel substance through an organ's internal passageways. through the lumens.
106
location of smooth muscle
hollow organ walls
107
location of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
108
___________________e enables communication amond bodys organs by trasmitting electrical impulses. recieves sensory imput. controls motor output.
nervous tissue
109
________________ large less numeros cells
neurons
110
part of neuron: a central ______________ houses nucleus
cell body
111
part of neuron: multiple short ____________________ receive incoming impulses
dendrites
112
part of neuron: ____________________________ sends out ongoing impulses
axon
113
_________________ smaller more numerous cells that provide support for neurons
glial
114
__________ consist of two or more types of tissue. usually all 4 types of tissue
organs
115
organs form _____________________ within the animals body
11 organ systems
116
```
What organ system is composed of:
-mouth
-esophagus
-liver
-stomach
small and large intestine
-anus and rectum
```
digestive system
117
What organ system is composed of:
- heart
- blood vessels
circulatory system
118
```
What organ system is composed of:
-nasal cavity
pharynx
-trchae
-lung
-bronchea
```
respiratory system
119
What organ system is composed of:
- red bone marrow
- thymus
- luympatic vessels
- lymph nodes
immune system/ lypatic system
120
What organ system is composed of:
- kidneny
- uretrers
- blatter
excretory system
121
What organ system is composed of:
- thyroid gland
- thymus
- pancrus
- ovary
- testis
- glands
endocrine glands
122
```
What organ system is composed of:
-penis
-testis
prostate
scrotum
-mamary gladns
-ovary
-uterine tube
-uterus
-vagina
```
reproductive system
123
What organ system is composed of:
- brain
- nerves
- spinal cord
nervous system
124
What organ system is composed of:
- hair
- skin
- nails
integumentary system
125
What organ system is composed of:
- bones
- joints
skeletal system
126
What organ system is composed of:
| skeltal muscles
muscular system
127
gonads are
testis-male
| ovary- female
128
all organ systems work together to maintain ________________ within an individual animal
homeostasis
129
__________________ is an organisms ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite potentially lage changes in the external enviroment
homeostasis
130
homeostasis most often depends on a
negative feedback mechanism
131
negative feedback consits of 4 points
- set point
- stimulus
- control center
- responce
132
_______________ skin
integumentary system
133
the skin consists of
- epidermis
| - dermis
134
_______________ technically not part of skin in beneath dermis
hypodermis
135
_______________ dead keratinized cells protect against abraision, UV radiatin, pathogens, chemical, and water loss
epidermis
136
epidermis is made of _______________
stratified squamos epithelium
137
___________________ consits of hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands, muscles, sensory receptors, and nerves, and blood vessels
dermis
138
dermis is made of
fibrous connective tissue
139
oil glands __________
lubricate skin
140
sensory receptors and nerves detect enviromental stimuli
and send information to brain
141
blood vessel manufacture _________________ in response to sunlight
vitamin D
142
the hypodermis anchors skin to the underlaying _______________ made of _____________
muscles
| adipose tissue
143
________________ function in sensory reception and protection against sunlight perspiration, foreign objects
hair functions
| also in insulation of many mammals
144
________________ facilitate fine manipulate
nails
| (claws and hooves serve as protection when jumping, grasping, ect
145
integumentary system functions in _____________________________
thermo regulation- homeostasis
146
sweat glands are responsible for ___________________
evaporative cooling
147
blood vessels _________________ to eliminate heat and _______________ to conserve heat
dialate
| constrict
148
________________ involuntarily contract producing heat and causing hairs to stand upright
muscles
