Chapter 41 Flashcards
1
Q
an animals diet must satisfy these three things:
A
- chemical energy: fuel to power body
- organic molecules: raw nutrients to build an animals own molecules
- essental nutrients: substances the animal cannot make for itself
2
Q
food energy is used to produce ____________ which powers the activities of cells and ultimately entire organisms
A
ATP
3
Q
ATP is usually maintained from ________________ and stored or burned during __________________
A
carbohydrates or lipids
cellular respiration
4
Q
macromolecules are __________________ and used as raw materials needed for animals own macromolecules
A
dissassembled
5
Q
_______________ is the maintance growth and reproduction that occurs when macromolecules are dissassembled and reassembled
A
biosynthesis
6
Q
________________ is a molecule that obtained from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
A
carbon
7
Q
___________________________ is a molecule obtained from proteins and nucleic acids
A
nitrogen
8
Q
4 certain nutrients must be obtained in preassembled form because an animal cannot manufacture them from raw materials
A
- essential amino acids
- esssential fatty acids
- vitamins
- minerals
9
Q
4 certain nutrients must be obtained in __________because an animal cannot manufacture them from raw materials
A
preassembled form
10
Q
proteins are built from _____________ different amino acids
A
20
11
Q
animals can produce _________ amino acids on their own
A
12
12
Q
__________ amino acids must be directly consumed
A
8, the essential amino acids
13
Q
________________ are complete proteins providing _______________ amino acids
A
animal proteins ex- eggs, milk, meat, cheese
all 8 essential
14
Q
__________________ are incomplete proteins lacking _______________________ amino acids
A
plant proteins
15
Q
specific plant combinations are required to obtain _____________
A
all 8 essential proteins
16
Q
___________________ are synthesized by linking fatty acids to glycerol
A
fats and phospholipids
17
Q
animals __________________ their fatty acids
A
synthesize most of
18
Q
a few _________________ cannot be synthesized and must be consumed by animals
A
unsaturated fatty acids (essential fatty acids
19
Q
________________ is used to manufacture of membrane phospholipids
A
linoleic acid
20
Q
example of ample amounts of essential fatty acids
A
seeds, grains, and vegetables
21
Q
_______________ are organic molecules required in an animals diet in very small quantities
A
vitamins
22
Q
animals require _____________________
A
13 different vitamins
23
Q
__________________ are inorganic nutrients required in an animals diet in very small quantities
A
minerals
24
Q
4 functions of digestive system
A
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
25
_____________ is taking food into body
ingestion
26
____________ processing food, breaking down into its component nutrients
digestion
27
what are the 2 kinds of digestion
- mechanical digestion
| - chemical digestion
28
________________ physically break downs food into its smaller parts
mechanical digestion
29
_________________ breaks food into its component nutrients by way of enzymes
chemical digestion
30
_________________ transporting the nutrients into the bloodstream so they can be delivered to all of the body cells
absorption
31
_______________ not all component of food can be digested and absorbed. Undigestible wastes are eliminated form body by way of defication
elimination of waste
32
sponges exhibit ________________ digestion
intracellular
33
in ______________________ food particles are trapped by choanocytes and digested in ameobocytes
intacellular digestion
34
ingestion porifera cells
choanocytes
35
digestion porifera cells
ameobocytes
36
all other animals exhibit ______________________
extracellular digestion
37
during _____________________ digestion occurs outside of an animals cells. occurs within compartments that are continuos with the outside of the animals body. nutrients are them absorbed by cells
extracellular digestion
38
cnidarians and flatworms possess a __________________________
gastrovascular cavity
39
in a gastrovascular cavity:
_______________________ occurs within the cavity
a single opening functions in ____________________________
digestion and absorbtion
| ingestion and elimination
40
animals other than (porifera, cnidarians, and flatworms) possess an ________________
alimentary canal
41
________________________ is a digestive canal is a digestive tube that extends between two openings
alimentary canal
42
____________________ are compartmentalized within specific organs along the length of the alimentary canal
digestion and absorption
43
________________ connect to the alimentary canal and secrete products into its way of ducts
accessory digestive glands
44
_______________________ is the entrance into the alimentary canal and is the only digestive organ that function in ______________________
oral cavity- ingestion
45
oral cavity begin the process of ___________________
mechanical and chemical digestion
46
_________________ function in mechanical digestion by way of chewing
teeth
47
________________ secrete ___________ into the oral cavity by way of ducts that contain enzymes to initiate chemical digestion
salivary glands
| saliva
48
sliva contains the enzymes ____________ to initiate the digestion of ___________
amylase
| starch
49
________________ aids in mechaincal and chemical digestion. The tongue mixes food with saliva
tongue
50
___________________ mixed food with siliva
bolus
51
the pharynx ____________________ is a common passage for food and air
throat
52
the pharynx ____________________________________________
propels food from the oral cavity to the esophagus
53
____________________ connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
54
______________ propels food through the esophagus
peristalsis
55
peristalsis is accomplished by way of __________________
smooth muscle tissue
56
_______________ lines the inner wall of the esophagus to protect aginst abrasion
stratied squamos
57
there is no ___________________ in esophagus
digestion or absoption
58
the stomach is a _____________________ in which the bolus is __________________
storage organ
| mechanical and chemically digested
59
__________________ digestes proteins
gastric juice
60
_________________________ composed gastric juice
hydrochloic acids and the enzyme pepsin
61
gastric juice is produced and secreted by the stomachs _____________________
simple collumnar epithelium
62
_____________ in the stomach churns the food to mechanically digest it
smooth muscle
63
by the time food leave the stomach it is in a liquid form called ____________________
chyme
64
___________________ is found between esophagus and stomach
cardiac sphincter
65
the cardiac sphincter keeps ____________________________
stomach acid from flowing into the esophagus
66
__________________________ is found between the stomach and the deodenum
pyloric sphincter
67
_________________________ the beginning of small intestine
deodenum
68
pyloric sphincter regulated the passge of _______________ into the small intestine
chyme
69
_______________ is the major digestive system organ
small intestine
70
__________________________ is complete in the small intestion but almost all _________________ occurs in small intestine
digestion
| absorption
71
three region of small intestine
- deudenum
- jejunum
- lleum
72
_____________ shortest region that connects the stomach. where final digestion occurs
duodenum
73
_________________ middle region of small intestion where most absorption occurs
jenunum
74
______________ the longest region that connects to the large intestine. where final absorption occurs
lleum
75
small intestine inner lining forms ________________________________
folds which slow chyme passage
76
the small intestine has a _________________________
huge surface area for absorption
77
the intestine __________ increase its ____________
length surface area
78
the circular folds consists of projections called ____________________ which increase their surface area
villi
79
the villi contain _____________ which further increase surface area
microvilli
80
within each villus is a _____________ a capillary network into which nutrients are absorbed
lacteal
81
__________________ connect to the alimentary canal by way of __________
liver, gallblatter, pancreas
| ducts
82
liver, gallblatter, pancreas secrete their products into the _____________________
deodenum
83
______________ produce bile
liver
84
bile is secreted into the ______________________
right and left hepatic ducts
85
right and left hepatic ducts merge to form the _______________
common hepatic duct
86
liver stores ________________________
glucose in the form of glycogen
87
the gallblatter _____________________________
stores and concentrate bile produce by liver
88
________________ carries bile to and from the gall bladder
cystic ducts
89
_____________________________ merge to form the common bile duct
cystic ducts and common hepatic duct
90
________________ secrete pancreatic juice into the main pancreatic duct
pancreas
91
the main pancreatic duct and and common bile duct merge into the
hepatopancreatic ampulla
92
hepatopancreatic ampulla empties bile and pancreatic juice into ________________________________
deudenum by way of major duodenal papilla
93
pancreatic juice is an ____________ solution that __________________________ entering the
alkaline
| neutralizing the acidic chyme
94
_____________________ is not as long as the small intestine, but has a much larger diameter
large intestine
95
the large intestine function in the absorption of _______________ from the remaining _________________ converting it to _________________
water chyme feces
96
the large intestine is the only allimentary canal organ involved in _____________________
ellimnination of feces
97
the begging of the large intestine is a blind ended sace called _____________
cecum
98
the _______________ of the small intestine is connected to the ___________ of the large intestine
ileum
| cecum
99
__________________ is a slender organ attached to the cecum
appendix
100
the appendix contains _______________
lympatic tissue
101
_________________ of the large intestine forms a frame around the small intestine
colon
102
the colon lead to the rectum, an organ that __________________ until it can be eliminated
stores the feces
103
the rectum leads to the _________________ the final portion of the large intestine (and therefore of the entire elementary canal_
final portion of large intestine
104
________________ contains two muscular _________________ that regulate defecation
anus
| sphincters
105
_________________ have two seperate organs in place of a single stomach
earthworms
- crop
- gizzard
106
the crop _________ food
stores
107
the gizzard __________ food
digests
108
__________ have a crop, stomach, gizzard
birds
109
_________ feeders strain small food particles from the water
filter
110
_________ feeders strain small food particles from water
fluid
111
_______________ feeders ingest large pieces of food
bulk
112
herbivores eat _________
plants or algae
113
carnivores eat ___________
other animals
114
omnivores eat _____________
plants and other animals
115
a significantly lower _______________. Herbivores do not need to chase or capture prey. Prey are therefore easier to obtain.
energy expenditure
116
________ is an essential mineral nutrient for animals but not for plants.
sodium
117
herbivores must supplement their diets with natural ___________________
salt licks
118
plants have a ________________ ration
high carbon to nitrogen
119
animals have a __________________
low carbon to nitrogen ratio
120
to obtain enough nitrogen, herbavors must eat __________ plants
more
121
plants have defenses:
physical: _____________
chemical: _____________
thorins and spins
| toxins
122
another difficulty of herbiovority
plants contain large amounts of cellulose and lignin which are indigestable for animals
123
herbavors tend to have a _______________________________________
much larger and longer intestine. This reflects the longer time needed to process vegatation.
124
most herbavores have _______________ relations with ___________
mutualistic
| microorganisms
125
horses and koalas house microorganisms within the __________________
cecum
126
rabbits exhibit ________________
coprophagy
127
_____________________ reconsuming feces recovers nutrients available in the large intestine after absorption has already occured in the small intestine
coprophagy
128
____________ exhibited by sheep and cattle. They possess a four chambered stomach containing prokaryotes and protists
ruminants
