Flashcards in Chapter 9 - Vocabulary Deck (32)
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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.
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Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
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Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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Short Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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Long Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
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Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as time, space, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it in storage.
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Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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Serial Position Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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Visual Encoding
The encoding of picture images.
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Acoustic Encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
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Semantic Encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
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Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
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Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
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Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
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Amnesia
The loss of memory.
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Implicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Procedural Memory)
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Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. (Declarative Memory)
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Hippocampus
A neural center that is located in the Limbic System and helps process explicit memories for storage.
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Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple choice test.
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Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
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Retrieval Cues
Bits of information associated with other information. These pieces of information can be like tags or hints that can be used to retrieve the information.
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Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
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