The deep fascia of the leg is called the
Crural fascia
Extending from the crural fascia are three intermuscular septa, called the
Anterior, posterior, and transverse septa
The leg is compartmentalized by the intermuscular septa and the interosseous membrane connecting the
Tibia and Fibula
Distally, the crural fascia forms structures that prevent bowstringing of the tendons crossing the ankle joint. These are called
Retinaculua
The leg can be organized into which 4 compartments?
Anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior
The leg bones are the
Tibia (medial) and Fibula (lateral)
The anterior leg muscles function in
Dorsiflexion and digit extension
The muscles of the lateral leg function in
Foot eversion
The muscles of the superficial posterior leg function in
Foot plantar flexion
The muscles of the deep posterior compartment function in
Plantar flexion and digit flexion
The muscles of the anterior leg compartment are innervated by the
Deep fibrular nerve
The muscles of the lateral leg compartment are innervated by the
Superficial fibrular nerve
The muscles of the superficial posterior and deep posterior compartments are innervated by the
Tibial nerve
What are the 4 anterior leg muscles?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius
Which anterior leg muscles function in dorsiflexion?
All of them
Which anterior leg muscles function in foot INVERSION
Tibialis anterior
Which anterior leg muscles function in digit extension?
Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
What are the two muscles of the lateral leg?
Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
Both the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis both function in
Foot eversion
What are the three muscles of the superficial posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
Which superficial posterior leg muscles function in Knee flexion?
Gastrocnemius and Plantaris
Which superficial posterior leg muscles function in foot plantarflexion?
Gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus
What are the 4 muscles of the deep posterior leg?
Popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior
Which deep posterior leg muscles function in knee unlocking?
Popliteus
Which deep posterior leg muscles function in digit flexion?
Flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus
Which deep posterior leg muscle function in foot plantar flexion?
Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus
Which deep posterior leg muscles function in foot inversion?
Tibialis posterior
A part of the calcaneus which supports the talus
-where the spring ligament attaches
Sustentaculum tali
The spring ligament attaches to the
Sustentaculum tali
Articulation between the trochlea of the talus and the distal tibia and fibula
Talocrural joint
The movements of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion occur at the
Talocrural joint
What are the four ankle and foot ligaments?
Medial collateral (deltoid), Lateral collateral, Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring), and long plantar
The medial collateral (deltoid) ligament attaches the
Tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular. It also attaches talus to calcaneus
The medial collateral (deltoid) ligament function to
Provide medial support to ankle. Resists eversion
The lateral collateral ligament of the ankle attaches the
Fibular to the talus and calcaneus
The lateral collateral ligament of the ankle functions to
Provide lateral support to ankle. Resist inversion
The plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament attaches the
Sustenaculum tali and navicular bone
The plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament function to
Support head of talus in TCN joint and provide elasticity to the arch
The long plantar ligament attaches
Calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral 3 metatarsals
The long plantar ligament functions to
Provide lateral arch support to foot
The movements of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion occur between the
Trochlea of talus and medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
The movements of inversion and eversion occur at both the
Subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
Which leg muscles function in dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor
Digitorum Longus
Which leg muscles function in plantarflexion?
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor
Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus
Which leg muscles function in inversion?
Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
Which leg muscles function in eversion?
Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
The blood supply to the ankle and sole of the foot is via branches of the
Posterior tibial artery (called the medial and lateral plantar arteries)
The dorsum of the ankle and foot is supplied by the
-branch of anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Ankle sprains are common occurences, with most being inverted sprains that stretch or tear the
Lateral collateral ligament of the ankle
The lateral collateral ligaments tend to tear from
Anterior to posterior with increasing severity
A painful inflammation of the plantar fascia that results from micro tears of the fascia due to repeated stress
Plantar fasciitis
A very common foot deformity in which the proximal phalanx of the big toe deviates laterally and the first metatarsal deviates medially
Hallux valgus
What happens in hallux valgus?
Proximal phalanx of big toe deviates laterall and first metatarsel deviates medially
Friction leads to swelling of the bursa overlying the medial site of the metatarsal head, creating a
Bunion
Injury of compression of the leg can lead to compartment syndrome because the crucial fascia is so tight. This would be relieved by a
Fasciotomy
Joint between talus and calcaneus.
-A hinge joint where we see eversion and inversion
Subtalar joint
Joint between talus, calcaneus, and navicular joint, and the calcaneocuboid joint
Transverse Tarsal joint
We get motions of inversion and eversion at the
Subtalar and Transverse tarsal joints
When the foot is dorsiflexed, abducted, and exerted we have
Pronation
When the foot is plantarflexed, addicted, and inverted we have
Supination
Pronation of the foot results in
Inner heel sole wear
Supination of the foot results in
Outer heel sole wear
Nerve in the sole of the foot that is equivalent to median nerve
Medial plantar nerve
Nerve in the sole of the foot that is equivalent to ulnar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Equivalent of radial and ulnar arteries in the foot
Lateral and medial plantar
The superficial artery of the foot
Lateral plantar
If you have occlusive disease in aortoiliac artery, there would be pain in the
Thigh and Buttock (also trouble maintaining erection)
Femoral occlusive disease would result in pain in the
Calf
Occlusive disease in popliteal or proximal tibial or fibular arteries presents with
Foot pain
What are the three joints of the ankle and what do they predominantly do?
- ) Talocrural (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
- ) Subtalar (inversion and eversion)
- ) Transverse tarsal (midfoot inversion and eversion)
Which ligament from the ankle’s LCL is most likely to be injured in an ankle sprain?
Anteriotalofibular ligament
Runs from the talus to the fibula and resists inversion
Anteriotalofibular ligament
The plantar fascia is analogous to the palmar aponeurosis, and where it attaches to the calcaneus is the location of
Plantar fasciaitis
What is the motor innervation of the dorsum surface of the foot?
Deep fibular
What is the sensory innervation of the dorsum surface of the foot?
Superficial Fibular (L5) and Deep fibular (only webbing between great toes)
The plantar surface of the foot receives motor and sensory innervation from branches of the tibial nerve called
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
When your foot falls asleep it is due to compression of the
Superficial fibular
Analogous to the median nerve in the hand
Medial plantar nerve
Analogous to the ulnar nerve in the hand
Lateral plantar nerve
The main blood supply for the foot is from the
-divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries
Posterior tibial artery
The predominant superficial arch of the foot is from the
Lateral plantar artery