Early Development Lec02 Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrulation defines the ___, ___, and ___ axes of the nembryo

A

midline, anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral

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2
Q

the midline of the embryo is defined by the formation of the ____

A

notocord

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3
Q

notocord is formation incudes the formation of the ____

A

neural ectoderm

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4
Q

____ formationn is the ver y first event in neurogenesis

A

otochord formation

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5
Q

___ are the neural rpecurosr cells, which turns into CNS

A

neural ectoderm

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6
Q

if you treat ectoderm with ___ you get epidermis

A

bmp (a transforming growth factor beta)

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7
Q

if you treat ectoderm with ___ you get NEUROECTODERM

A

noggin chordin (inhibit BMP)

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8
Q

BMPs are made by the ____

A

surrounding tissue

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9
Q

Factors that inhibit BMP signaling are produced by the ____ (

A

notochord

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10
Q

___ signaling precedes BMP inhibition during neural induction

A

FGF

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11
Q

what do noggin and chordin do?

A

block bmp (thus, inducing neural development)

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12
Q

FGF stimulation increases production of ____

A

Noggin

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13
Q

neural induction the lateral margins of the____ fold inward to form the \n\nneural tube

A

neural plate

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14
Q

neural tube forms around day ___

A

20

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15
Q

the____ pinches off when the NEURAL TUBE is formed

A

neural crest

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16
Q

Neural tube closes from the middle both____ and ___

A

anteriorly and posteriorly (like a zipper going in both directions)

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17
Q

____ vitamins in the first few weeks of \n\npregnancy decrease neural tube closure defects.

A

B-complex (folic acid)

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18
Q

Spina Bifida rate in US is much lower since ____

A

nutrition

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19
Q

Spina Bifida is the failure of the ____ end of the neural tube to close

A

posterior

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20
Q

Anencephaly and holoprosenchephaly (Represents failure of the ___ neural tube to close.

A

anterior

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21
Q

Anencephaly and holoprosenchephaly lack ___

A

forebrain

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22
Q

____ makes cells in one area different from cells in another area

A

patterning

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23
Q

ventral patterning is realted to ___ function

A

motor

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24
Q

ventral siganl is secreted ____

A

sonic hedgehog

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25
dorsal siganl is secreted \_\_\_\_
tgf betas
26
sonic hedgehog eventually leads to differences in \_\_\_\_
trnascription
27
What produces dorsal ventral polarity?
high sonic hedgehog in notocord and roof plate no sonic headhog in the roof plate
28
roteins encoded by **hox genes** are powerful \_\_\_\_
transcriptional activators and repressors
29
results from abscence of sonic hedgehog:
1. The forebrain does not form 2. dorsal ventral polarity is disrupted
30
y dirsruptions in ____ also can cause cancers such as \n\nmedulloblastomas and basal cell carcinoma.
sonic hedgehog
31
Shh not only regulates polarity but \_\_\_
proliferation (disruptions in shh pathway can lead to different cancers)
32
cyclopy can be caused by abseence of \_\_\_
sonic hedge hog
33
when does anterior/posterior patterning occur? (relatively)
same time as neural induction and gastrulation (they all overlap)
34
spinal cord is from ___ patterning
anterior/posterior
35
rhomboencephalon is the future ___ and \_\_\_
pons and medulla
36
mesencephalon is the future \_\_\_
midbrain
37
diecepahlona nd telcephalon are part of the \_\_\_\_
prosencephalon
38
difference between fly and human hox genes\n
in humans they identify a specific segment along the anterior/posterior axis
39
Hox genes are involved in defining segmental differences in the \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_
spinal cord, \n\nmedulla and pons.
40
anterior/posterior patterning is accomplished through ___ genes
hox
41
there is no hox code for the ___ and \_\_\_
prosecenphalon and mesencephalon
42
OTX2 knockouts show complete loss of ____ polarity.
anterior
43
coordination of ___ and ___ regulates nervous system expansion
symmetrical and asymthetical proliferation
44
\_\_\_\_ is needed to organize distinct cell types into functional units
cell migration
45
\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_s divide and differentiate in the ventricular zone
Neural stems cells and neural progenitor cell
46
multipotent stem cell either ___ or \_\_\_
neuronal or glial precurosr cells
47
\_\_\_ increases the size of the ventricular zone, which in turn increases the size nof the brain.
symmetrical divisons
48
pluripotrnt neural stem cells are capable of \_\_\_\_
self renewal
49
As development proceeds NSCs begin to divide asymmetrically giving rise to
one neural stem cell and one neuro precursor
50
Late in development NSCs will again divide symmetrically but give rise to two
neural pecursors (and therefore NSC disappear)
51
number of NSCs, progenitors, neurons and glia needs to be tightly controlled as \n\ndoes the timing of their generatio by ___ and \_\_\_
notch and bhlh transcription factor
52
notch ____ proneural gene
deactivates
53
if you remove the inhibition of proneural gene by notch in the neural stem cell ____ is upregulated
delta
54
what happens at low/moderate levels of Notch stimulation through Delta?
, the intracellular domain of Notch is cleaved and goes to the nucleus to activate bHLH genes. (cell is eventually primed to diff into a neuron)
55
bHLH activation also ___ Delta on neural stem cells cells.
upregulates
56
Notch gets hyper-activated (by delta after it is upregulated)--\>
shuts off **proneuronal bHLH genes** ----\> keeping cell in pluripotent nsc state
57
In this case astrogliogenesis differentiation from neural progenitors is ___ \n\ndependent
Notch
58
astrogliogenesis differentiation from neural progenitors is inhbiited by \_\_\_
bhlh genes
59
oligodendrocyte generation is induce
by other factors (Oligs and Nkx 2.1) (factor other than nox)
60
neurogenesis is finished by the \n\nmiddle of the ____ trimester.
second
61
Timing of gliogensis happens mostly
after birth
62
The basic shape of the brain is fully formed at birth and the vast majority of the \n\n\_\_\_\_ are already generated.
neurons
63
difference in brain after birth
dramatic increase in brain size, inc in myelin
64
primary neurlaiton is complete within the ___ weeks
first 3
65
most neurons in the cerebral cortex are produced between the ___ and ___ month of pregancy
first and 4th
66
f ectodermal pecursor cells are isolated and grown in a dish, they become \_\_\_\_
neurons (since there is no BMP present)
67
Stimulation of\_\_\_\_ factors induce **_neural stem cell formation._**
retinoic acid (RA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF
68
what process are hox genes involved in?
posterior processing
69
how do hox genes create unique patterns of gene expression?
through repressing and enhancing each other
70
\_\_\_ promotes astrogliogensis
notch
71
\_\_\_ promotes oligodenrodensis
Olig1/2, Nkx 2.1
72
\_\_\_ inhibits Oligodendrogenesis
BHLH
73
\_\_\_ inhbiits Astrogliogenesis:
BHLH