Basal Ganglia Lec22

Question 1

in the direct basal ganglia circuit

the cortex has a ___ inputs on the striatum

Answer 1

excitatory

Question 2

in the direct pathway the striatum sends ___ projections to the ____.

Answer 2

striatum inhbiitory to intenral globus pallidus

Question 3

in the direct pathway

the intneral globus pallidus sends ___ projetions to the ___.

Answer 3

inhibitory projections to the thalamus

“the break”

Question 4

when active, the direct pathway ___ the brake on the thalamic positive input on the cortex

Answer 4

inhibits

it removes the break

Question 5

the ___ pathway turns the brake on

Answer 5

indirect

Question 6

in the indirect pathway

the cortex has a ____ projection to the striatum

Answer 6

excitatory

Question 7

in the indirect pathway

the striatum sends ____ projection to the ____

Answer 7

inhibitroy on the external globus pallidus

Question 8

in the indirect pathway

the external globus pallidus sends ____ projection to the ____

Answer 8

inhibiotry projection to the subthalamic nculeus

Question 9

in the indirect pathway

the subthalamic nucelus sends ____ projection to the ____

Answer 9

excitatory projection to the internal globus pallidus (which when activated inhibits the thalamus)

Question 10

what is the mechanism in which the indirect pathway turns on the brake?

Answer 10

it removes inhibition on the inhibiotyr neuron (from the globus pallidus) acting on the subthalamic nucleus

which sitmulates the external globus pallidus

which inhibits the thalamus

Question 11

most common basal ganglia neuron?

Answer 11

Medium Spiny Stellate Neuron

Question 12

what do the Medium Spiny Stellate Neuron do?

Answer 12

Connect input and output portions of basal ganglia

Question 13

medium spiny stellate neurosna re Mostly in the ___ & ACh(+)

Answer 13

matrix

Question 14

some medium spiny stellate neurons are in the
____ & are ACh(-)

Answer 14

striosome

Question 15

where are spindle neurons located

Answer 15

globus pallidus and STN

Question 16

where in the thalamus do the spindle neurons project to?

Answer 16

va/vl

Question 17

where in the globus pallidus does spindle neurons projec tto?

Answer 17

intenral GP

Question 18

where do the pigmented neurosn project to?

Answer 18

striatum, GP, STN

Question 19

inputs of striosome spiny stellate neurons?

Answer 19

limbic cortex and SNpc

Question 20

outputs of strosome med. spiny stellate neurons

Answer 20

substantia nigra

Question 21

inputs to matrix med. spiny stellate neurons

Answer 21

cortex, intenruons of substantia nigra

Question 22

outputs of matrix med. spiny stellate neurons

Answer 22

globus pallidus

Question 23

output structures of the basal ganglia project back to the

Answer 23

thalamus first ebfore the cerbral cortex

Question 24

what keeps the basala ganglia chain moving?

Answer 24

dopamine supplied by the substantia nigra

Question 25

inputs from the cortex go into the

Answer 25

caudate and the putamen

Question 26

outputs from basal ganglia leave by the

Answer 26

globus pallidus and substrantia nigra

Question 27

Dopamine enhances___pathway

Answer 27

D1/direct

Question 28

doapmine inhibits___ pathway

Answer 28

D2/indirect

Question 29

dopamine causes ___ of the thalamus

Answer 29

disinhibition

Question 30

dopamine promotes ___ receptors

Answer 30

D1

Question 31

D1 receptors on striatum ___ of the thlaamus by the ____

Answer 31

remove inhibition by the internal globus pallidus

Question 32

all basal ganglia inputs are

Answer 32

excitatroy, glutamate

Question 33

all basal ganglia outputs are

Answer 33

ihbiitory, gaba

Question 34

the ___ path is involved in reward

Answer 34

striosomal

Question 35

The basal ganglia are known to be involved in forms of “habit learning” which
require the creation of novel associations between ___ and ___

Answer 35

stimuli and motor responses

Question 36

The neurons most involved in habit learning are giant cholinergic interneurons in the ____

Answer 36

striatum

Question 37

giant cholinergic interneurons (tonically active neurons) in the striatum interactive with ___

Answer 37

doapmine inputs from substantia nigra at the level of the MSSNs

Question 38

TANs and SNpc neurons do NOT display simple relationships to __ or __

Answer 38

movements or
body parts

Question 39

TANs and SNpc are activate by___ or ____

Answer 39

rewards or stimuli that predict the

occurrence of rewards

Question 40

when activated by reward, Tan and ssubstantia nigra modfiy the bactivity of ___ based on this to form part of the neuronal susbtate underlyign behaviroal reinformcent

Answer 40

medium spinal stellate neurons

Question 41

HD kills ___
neurons in striatum

Answer 41

ENK

Question 42

HD kills ENK
neurons in striatum,
leads to unchecked ___

Answer 42

D1 tone (which enhances the disinhbiiton of the thalamus)

Question 43

parkinsons leads to loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra, leading to a ___

Answer 43

hyperactive break

Question 44

acute lesions of the basal ganglia can lead to

Answer 44

cognitive
deficits, hallucinations and even OCD

Question 45

Are there high order consequences of basal ganglia damage?

Answer 45

Question 46

neurosn in the BG are very active in simple mvoements of the ___ and ___

Answer 46

limbs and visually guided movements

Question 47

where in the thalamus does the basal ganglia project to

Answer 47

1. VL and VA nculei of the thalamus - with body mvoement loop
2. mediodorsal and ventral anterior nuclei – with oculomotor loop

Question 48

gp receive input to and from areas projecting back to prefrontal areas involved in ____

Answer 48

short term memory

Question 49

___ was activated in difficult mtoor task

Answer 49

globus pallidus

Question 50

hyperdirect: goes directly from the
__ to the ___

Answer 50

cortex to the subthal.

Question 51

striasomal path: arises from cortical areas concerned with limbic function
reward cortical areas can therefore affect the release of ___

Answer 51

dopamine

Question 52

taught to make saccade towards a target cue

place cells firing is dependent
on reward direction

true in ___ and ___ (in substantia nigra)

Answer 52

caudate and in level of pars
compacta cells

also in GP

Question 53

nonmotor functions of GP

expts showed heightened activation with

Answer 53

difficult motor task

working memory

reward drivign activity

Question 54

hyperkinetic is associated with ____ levels of basal ganglia output

Answer 54

low (which disinhbit the thalamus

Question 55

___ can be caused by an autonimmune reaction, particularly to the striatum

Answer 55

sydenhams chorea

Question 56

huntingtons is associated with atrophy in the

Answer 56

neostriatum, particularly the enkephalin expresisng neurons in the cuadate

Question 57

chronic tx with hutningtons can cause

Answer 57

tardive dyskinesias

Question 58

tx of ___ includes antidopamine drugs, antibiotics, immunomodulants, consider plasmapheresis.

Answer 58

syndenhams chorea

Question 59

huntgints treatment involves

Answer 59

anti-dopaminergic or dopamine-depleting drugs

Question 60

what does tx of parkinsons include

Answer 60

ldopa, doapminetics, MAO inhbiitors (prevent degradation of da0

anticholinergixcs

Question 61

side effects of l dopa includes

Answer 61

dyskinesias and hallucinations

Question 62

surgical tx of parkinsons include

destroying the break by

Answer 62

X intenral globus pallidus or ventrolateral thalamus

Question 63

surgical tx of parkinsons include

putting ___ back into the basal ganglia

Answer 63

dopamine, fetal nigral transplant

Question 64

deep brain stimulation in parksindons is either to the

Answer 64

globus apllidus or subthalamus

drives them into normal rhtym, not inhbiited state