Endocrine

Question 1

Alpha cells?

Answer 1

glucagon

Question 2

Beta cells?

Answer 2

insulin

Question 3

Delta cells?

Answer 3

somatostatin

Question 4

Regular insulin?

Answer 4

short-acting insulin

Question 5

Humulin is made using…?

Answer 5

recombinant DNA to produce the hormone in bacteria or yeast

Question 6

Novolin is made by…?

Answer 6

switing the aa that is different in pork insulin

Question 7

What is an analogue of Humulin in which the normal proline B28 and lysine B29 are switched?

Answer 7

insulin lispro (Humalog)

Question 8

What is a recombinant human insulin analog for use as an injection (once a day)? (shifted isoelectric point insulins)

Answer 8

insulin glargine

Question 9

Insulin glargine differs from human insulin in Asparagine 21 is replaced by …. and two … are added to the C-terminus of the B-chain.

Answer 9

glycine

arginines

Question 10

the 1st human inhaled insulin powder?

Answer 10

exubera

Question 11

Condition caused by LOW INSULIN?

Answer 11

ketoacidosis

Question 12

Condition caused by INSULIN OVERDOSE?

Answer 12

hypoglycemic coma

Question 13

Normal glycosylation of HbA1c is…?

Answer 13

<7%

Question 14

Class of oral hypoglycemics developed from an antibiotic having hypoglycemic properties?

Answer 14

sulfonylureas

Question 15

What enhances hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas?

Answer 15

NSAIDs

Question 16

Two second generation sulfonylureas?

Answer 16

glyburide and glipizide

Question 17

Class of oral hypoglycemics that are benzoic acid derivatives?

Answer 17

meglitinides

Question 18

Class of oral hypoglycemics that does not effect insulin secretion but decreases hepatic glucose production?

Answer 18

biguanides

Question 19

A biguanide that inhibits ANP kinase?

Answer 19

metformin

Question 20

Class of oral hypoglycemics that bind to PPAR-gamma and increase insulin sensitivity?

Answer 20

thiazolidinediones

Question 21

A thiazolidinedione?

Answer 21

pioglitazone

Question 22

Class of oral hypoglycemics that reduces intestinal absorption of starch, disaccharides by inhibiting brush border alpha-glucosidase?

Answer 22

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 23

2 apha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Answer 23

acarbose and miglitol

Question 24

2 main incretins in humans are?

Answer 24

GIP and GLP-1

Question 25

What increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and is a new target for antidiabetic drugs?

Answer 25

GLP-1

Question 26

2 types of incretin drugs (hypoglycemic drugs for type 2 diabetes)

Answer 26

1. peptides | 2. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Question 27

an incretin peptide that binds to GLP-1 receptors and improves glycemic control?

Answer 27

exenatide

Question 28

the newest incretin peptides?

Answer 28

liraglutide and taspoglutide

Question 29

an incretin DPP-4 inhibitor that inhibits inactivation of GLP-1?

Answer 29

sitagliptin

Question 30

which incretin peptides are resistant to hydrolysis by DPP-4?

Answer 30

exenatide and liraglutide

Question 31

What is an analogue of amylin?

Answer 31

pramlintide

Question 32

an antihypertensive antidiuretic that has potent hyperglycemic actions?

Answer 32

diazoxide

Question 33

chronic adrenocortical insufficiency?

Answer 33

Addison's disease

Question 34

increased adrenocortical secretion?

Answer 34

Cushing's syndrome

Question 35

synthetic ACTH used to test HPA axis?

Answer 35

cosyntropin

Question 36

the main mineralocorticoid?

Answer 36

aldosterone

Question 37

the main glucocorticoid?

Answer 37

hydrocortisone (cortisol)

Question 38

glucocorticoids inhibit release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites through decreased expression of...?

Answer 38

phospholipase-A2

Question 39

Short half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

Answer 39

cortisol/hydrocortisone, cortisone acetate

Question 40

Intermediate half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

Answer 40

prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone

Question 41

Long half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

Answer 41

dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone

Question 42

Suppression of what is a major side effect of glucocorticoid therapy?

Answer 42

ACTH and TSH

Question 43

Inhibitors of synthesis and action of adrenocorticol steroids?

Answer 43

aminoglutethimide and ketoconazole

Question 44

Synthetic estrogens have ... which greatly decrease hepatic metabolism?

Answer 44

ethinyl groups

Question 45

synthetic estrogens?

Answer 45

ethinyl estradiol and mestranol

Question 46

Intramuscular injection of sulfate esters of estrone used to treat symptoms of menopause in women after hysterectomy?

Answer 46

Premarin

Question 47

Drugs whose estrogenic activities are tissue selective?

Answer 47

SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators)

Question 48

Example of SERMS?

Answer 48

tamoxifen

Question 49

a true anitestrogen?

Answer 49

clomiphene

Question 50

synthetic progestin component in birth control?

Answer 50

norethindrone

Question 51

2 FDA approved morning after pills (postcoital contraception)?

Answer 51

Plan B and Preven

Question 52

An approved antiprogestin for contragestation (abortion pill)?

Answer 52

mifepristone

Question 53

Inhibitors of 5a-reductase inhibit production of...?

Answer 53

DHT

Question 54

a non steroidal antiandrogen used in treatment of prostate cancer?

Answer 54

flutamide

Question 55

an inhibitor of 5a-reductase that treats benign prostatic hyperplasia and also male pattern baldness?

Answer 55

finasteride

Question 56

an aldosterone antagonist that also competes for testosterone receptor and treats hirsutism?

Answer 56

spironolactone

Question 57

an antifungal that also inhibits cytochrome P-450 enzymes leading to inhibition of testosterone synthesis?

Answer 57

ketoconazole

Question 58

major carrier of thyroid hormones?

Answer 58

thyroxine binding globulin

Question 59

protein carriers of thyroid hormones?

Answer 59

thyroxine binding globulin (major carrier), transthyretin, albumin

Question 60

3 inhibitors of TRH production?

Answer 60

somatostain, dopamine, glucocorticoids

Question 61

preferred method for preventing iodine deficiency?

Answer 61

iodized salt

Question 62

increased fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, increased bile acid synthesis, decreased cholesterol, elevated glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Answer 62

hyperthyroidism

Question 63

decreased fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, increased cholesterol

Answer 63

hypothyroidism

Question 64

myxedema?

Answer 64

hypothyroidism

Question 65

cretinism?

Answer 65

hypothyroidism- infant

Question 66

first synthetic thyroid hormone and treatment of hypothyroidism?

Answer 66

levothyroxine

Question 67

Graves disease?

Answer 67

hyperthyroidism

Question 68

toxic nodular goiter (carcinoma)?

Answer 68

hyperthyroidism

Question 69

antithyroid drugs that inhibit iodine organification?

Answer 69

thioureylenes

Question 70

2 thioureylenes?

Answer 70

propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole

Question 71

inhibits conversion of T4 to T3?

Answer 71

PTU

Question 72

antithyroid that crosses placenta and gets concentrated in fetal thyroid?

Answer 72

methimazole

Question 73

the active form of Vit D?

Answer 73

calcitriol

Question 74

plasma Ca is tightly regulated at...

Answer 74

2.5 mM

Question 75

3 major sites of of action for blood calcium regulation?

Answer 75

bone, GI tract, kidney

Question 76

PTH functions to ... plasma Ca

Answer 76

increase

Question 77

what stop osteoclasts from breaking down bone?

Answer 77

bisphophonates

Question 78

What allows both PTH and Calcitonin secreting cells to respond to extracellular calcium?

Answer 78

calcium sensing receptor

Question 79

functions to decrease plasma Ca and is synthesized by parafollicular cells of thyroid?

Answer 79

calcitonin

Question 80

functions to increase plasma Ca and is synthesized in skin and blood?

Answer 80

calcitriol (active form of Vit D)

Question 81

Primary function of calcitriol?

Answer 81

increase Ca uptake from GI

Question 82

at pharmacologic doses, calcitriol...

Answer 82

increase reabsorption from kidneys and bone resorption

Question 83

Increased PTH causes

Answer 83

increased Ca reabsorption from kidney, increased bone resorption and increased synthesis of calcitriol

Question 84

PTH mechanism of action works through increasing ...

Answer 84

cAMP which activates protein kinases

Question 85

in the mechanism of action, calcitonin decreases the ... on osteoclasts

Answer 85

ruffled border surface area

Question 86

very effective for short term treatment of hypercalcemia?

Answer 86

calcitonin

Question 87

calcitriol induces synthesis of ... which allows the uptake and binding of more Ca?

Answer 87

calbindin

Question 88

treatment of metabolic rickets?

Answer 88

calcitriol

Question 89

bisphosphonates used in Pagets disease?

Answer 89

alendronate, etidronate, risedronate

Question 90

bisphosphonate used for osteoporosis?

Answer 90

alendronate

Question 91

true or false: bisphosphonates must be taken after an overnight fast with a full glass of water with no food for 30 min?

Answer 91

true

Question 92

first generation bisphosphonate?

Answer 92

etidronate

Question 93

serious complication of bisphosphonates therapy?

Answer 93

osteonecrosis of the jaw

Question 94

surgical correction improves osteonecrosis lesions: T or F

Answer 94

F

Question 95

osteonecrosis of jaw much more common with ... generation

Answer 95

3rd

Question 96

excess fluoride causes...

Answer 96

fluorosis