Flashcards in Exam 1; Autonomic Drugs Deck (68):
1
This nervous system has short preganglia and long postganglia which allow the activation of other systems
sympathetic
2
This nervous system originates in the CNS or sacral spinal roots and has long preganglionic and short postganglionic
parasympathetics
3
All preganglionic neurons use this as a neurotransmitter
ACh
4
sympathetic postganglionic neurons use this a a neurotransmitter
NE
5
parasympathetic postganglionic neuros use this as a neurotransmitter
ACh
6
What two effects does the sympathetic system have on the eye
far focus
contraction of radial muscle = pupil enlargement "mydnasis"
7
What three effects does the parasympathetic system have on the eye
contracts the circular sphincter for pupil constriction (myosis)
contraction of cilliary muscle for accommodation; close focus
increased tear production
8
What three effects does the sympathetic system have on the digestive system
decreased secretions
decreased gastric motility
decreased sphincter tone
9
What three effects does the parasympathetic system have on the digestive system
increased salivary and digestive secretions
increased motility
increased sphincter tone
10
What two effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart
increased heart rate
increased contractile force
11
What two effects does the parasympathetic system have on the heart
decreased rate
decreased force of contraction
12
What two effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the blood vessels
muscle vessels relax
skin and gut vessels contract
13
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the blood vessels
relaxes most blood vessels
14
What effect does the sympathetic system have on the lung
relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
15
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the lungs
constricts bronchial smooth muscle
16
What two effects does the sympathetic system have on the reproductive system
relaxation of the bladder
ejaculation
17
What two effects does the parasympathetic system have on the reproductive system
contraction of the bladder
erection
18
What effect does the sympathetic system have on metabolism
increase in blood glucose
19
What type of receptor does ACh bind to
cholinergic
20
This type of neurotransmitter receptor activation leads to altered ion channels
nictonic receptors
21
This type of neurotransmitter receptor activation leads to altered metabolism
muscarinic
22
Niconitic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system
preganglionic of both
23
Muscarinic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system
postganglionic parasympathetic
24
Adrenergic receptors are used by what portions of the autonomic nervous system
postganglionic sympathetic
25
These act on ACh receptors
cholinergic agents
26
What is the effect of cholinergic agents
increase in parasympathetic activity
myosis, increased GI motility, increased sweat/tears/saliva, constriction of bronchial SM, decrease in HR and contraction
27
What is the mechanism of direct acting cholinergic agonists
bind and cause activation
28
These three drugs are muscarinic agonists
muscarine
pilocarpine
bethanechol
29
These two drugs are nicotinic agonists
nicotine
succinylcholine
30
This is a partial nicotinic agonist; binds, but does not fully activate; ACh cannot bind
varenicline
31
These two drugs are agonists that act at both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
acetylcholine
carbachol
32
What is the mechanism behind indirect-active cholinergic agonists
all agents which inhibit AChE; prevents the breakdown of ACh
33
These indirect-active cholinergic agonists have an effect that lasts several hours
physostigmine
neostigmine
demecarium
34
This is an indirect-active cholinergic agonists which is reversible and has a short duration of action
edrophonium
35
This is an indirect-active cholinergic agonists which phosphorylates AChE and may inhibit for hundreds of hours
echothiophate
36
indirect-active cholinergic agonists may also affect cholinoreceptors of the muscles; need for these three thigns
Glaucoma
Mysathenia gravis
Sjogren's syndrome
37
What two indirect-active cholinergic agonists are used to treat Azheimer's
donepezil
tacrine
38
This indirect-active cholinergic agonist, if given early, can reduce any permanent damage caused by organophosphate AChE inhibitors
pralidoxime
39
What are two non-medical indirect-active cholinergic agonists which are irreversible AChE inhibitors
malathion (insecticide)
sarin (nerve gas)
40
What are the toxicities of cholinergic agonists
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia (slow HR)
Broncoconstriction
Excitation (CNS); paralysis, ataxia, seizures, amnesia
Lacrimation
Sweating
41
This blocking agent reversibly blocks the muscarinic receptor
cholinoceptor
42
*This antimuscarinic agent lasts 7-10 days
atropine
43
This antimuscarinic agent lasts 3-7 days
scopolamine
44
These four drugs have short term effects; as in dilating the pupil
homatropine
cyclopentolate
tropicamide
ipratropium
45
Following an overdose of antimuscarinic agents, what are some minor side effects (8)
pupil size increases
inhibits ciliary muscle (virtually blind)
decreased tear production
bronchodilation
dry mouth
decreased gastric motility and secretions
urinary retention
decreased sweating
46
What are the two major side effects follow an overdose of antimuscarinic agents
increased HR
CNS effects including psychosis
47
What are the four clinical uses of antimuscarinic agents
used to treat urinary incotinence
motion sickness
GI hyperactivity
asthma
48
This depolarizing anti nicotinic blocker has a long duration of action; it initially activated the receptor, eventually there is muscle hyper polarization which leads to paralysis
succinylcholine
49
These are three non-depolarizing antinictonic skeletal muscle ACh receptor blockers; all derived from curare
pancuronium
atracurium
rocurorium (most common)
50
This reverses the blockade by rocuronium by binding it directly
sugammadex
51
This muscle paralytic agent is an inhibitor of ACh releaseq
botulinum toxin type A
52
Botox is used cosmetically but it was originally developed to treat what three conditions
cerebral palsy
tics
strabissmus and mystaganus (eye muscle issues)
53
This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype can contract vascular smooth muscle; heart rate increases
α1
54
This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype can act on presynaptic nerve terminals in CNS
α2
55
This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype increases heart rate and contraction force
β1
56
This sympathetic adrenoreceptor subtype causes relaxation and vascular smooth muscle
β2
57
*This adrenergic agonist acts on all adrenergic receptors (α and β) and it stimulates the receptor
epinephrine
58
These three adrenergic agonists activate α1 receptors; they decease congestion
phenylephrine
tetrahydrozoline
naphazoline
59
These two adrenergic agonists activate α2 receptors; they decrease sympathetic outflow from the CNS; used to treat hypertension and other analogs treat glaucoma
clonidine
α methyl norepinephrine
60
These adrenergic agonist activate β1 receptors
norepinephrine
dobutamine
61
These four adrenergic agonists activate β2 receptors; cause bronchodilation
metalproternol
terbutaline
fenoterol
albuterol
(the -nols and -rols)
62
These are four indirect acting amine, which induce the release of NE from nerve terminals; doesn't directly affect the receptors
amphetamine, methamphetamine
tyramine
phenylpropanolamine
pseudoephedrine
63
These two adrenergic antagonists are α1 receptor blockers
prazosin
phenoybenzamine
64
This α1 receptor blocker drug is used as an anti-hypertensive and also used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
prazosin
65
This is an adrenergic antagonist that blocks α1 and α2 receptors
phentolamine
66
This is an adrenergic antagonists that blocks α2 receptors
tolazoline
67
These are five adrenergic antagonists that block β1 receptors; decrease heart rate
metoprolol
acebutolol
alprenolol
atenolol
esmolol
( the -olols)
68