Exam 2; Ethanol and Methanol

Question 1

What are the three medical uses of ethanol

Answer 1

antiseptic (high conc.)
analgesic
anesthetic (weak)

Question 2

What is it about the structure of ethanol that allows it to get into essentially all the cells

Answer 2

it is lipid and water soluble

CH3-CH2-OH

Question 3

What is the main action of ethanol on most cells

Answer 3

depressant

Question 4

This excitatory CNS neurotransmitter is inhibited by ethanol

Answer 4

glutamine

Question 5

This inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter is activated by ethanol

Answer 5

GABA

Question 6

Ethanol may activate these pathways in the “pleasure center”

Answer 6

DA pathways

Question 7

Ethanol inhibits this higher function

Answer 7

cortisol

Question 8

What are some basic symptoms of ethanol consumption

Answer 8

lack of judgment
decreased social inhibitions
slow reaction time
decrease visual activity
motor incoordination
impairs medially function; nausea, loss of balance, etc.
inhibits REM sleep

Question 9

How does ethanol effect the cardiovascular system

Answer 9

skin vasodilation

due to the inhibition of reflex vasoconstriction

Question 10

How does ethanol effect the GI tract at low concentrations

Answer 10

increased gastrin secretion and HCl secretion

Question 11

How does ethanol effect the GI tract at high concentrations

Answer 11

gastric inhibition

Question 12

How does ethanol effect the liver

Answer 12

direct toxic effects
interacts with other liver toxins
decreased testosterone synthesis and metabolism

Question 13

Chronic use of ethanol can cause the liver to become what

Answer 13

fatty liver

Question 14

How does ethanol effect the kidney

Answer 14

weak diuretic inhibiting ADH secretion

can decrease uric acid secretion causing gout

Question 15

In which part of the body is ethanol rapidly absorbed

Answer 15

small intestine

Question 16

In which part of the body is ethanol slightly absorbed

Answer 16

stomach

Question 17

What are three factors that delay stomach emptying lowering the rate of absorption

Answer 17

exercise
food
anti-cholinergic agents

Question 18

Do patients with gastectomies have a more delayed or rapid alcohol absorption

Answer 18

more rapid

Question 19

This factor may increase stomach emptying, resulting in a more rapid alcohol absorption

Answer 19

carbonation

Question 20

What is the distribution of ethanol in the body

Answer 20

it rapidly equilibrates with all the tissues

Question 21

Ethanol can pass the placenta, which can influence the baby how

Answer 21

newborns can undergo withdrawal

may be damaged; fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 22

In which organ is ethanol mainly metabolized

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

What is the metabolism equation for ethanol

Answer 23

ethanol — alcohol dehydrogenase –> acetaldehyde — acetylaldehyde dehrdrogenase –> Acetyl CoA

Question 24

What is a side produce of ethanol metabolism

Answer 24

NAD+ is converted to NADH, which could lead to more lipids in the liver = fatty liver

Question 25

What type of reaction is alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer 25

zero order | rate of metabolism is constant and independent of the concentration

Question 26

What is the best measure of alcohol exposure

Answer 26

blood test; BAC

Question 27

In which organ(s) is ethanol excreted

Answer 27

lungs (minor) | kidney

Question 28

What is the potency of ethanol

Answer 28

very low 50g = 1 mol 4 drinks = 56g

Question 29

Metabolic tolerance of ethanol increases what

Answer 29

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 30

Tissue tolerance of ethanol increases what

Answer 30

excitatory nurons

Question 31

What is behavioral tolerance of ethanol

Answer 31

concentration on not showing the symptoms

Question 32

What are some symptoms of withdrawal of ethanol

Answer 32

``` headace dizziness nausea sweating "hangover" ```

Question 33

What are some severe symptoms of ethanol withdrawal

Answer 33

``` tremors cramps nausea vomiting seizures DTs ```

Question 34

Ethanol can interact with any drug that enters what

Answer 34

the CNS

Question 35

This drug inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase; increasing acetylaldehyde

Answer 35

disulfiram

Question 36

This drug decreases the cravings for ethanol

Answer 36

acamprosate

Question 37

What are five neurological and mental sequelae of ethanol addiction

Answer 37

``` brain damage memory loss sleep disturbances psychoses familial impact ```

Question 38

What is the impact that ethanol has on nutrition

Answer 38

alcoholics have the poorest nutrition of any group in the US | getting their calories from the ethanol

Question 39

Severe vision changes, Wenicke's encephalopathy, can be cause by this condition involving lack of nutrition from ethanol addicts

Answer 39

thiamine deficiencies

Question 40

What are three effects of the ethanol addiction has on the heart

Answer 40

cardiomyopathy congestive heart failure arrthymias

Question 41

What are two symptoms on the liver of ethanol addoction

Answer 41

cirrhosis | fatty liver

Question 42

What effects does fetal alcohol syndrome have

Answer 42

CNS dysfunction facial abnormalities immune abnormalities still and spontaneous birth

Question 43

What is the metabolic equation of methyl alcohols

Answer 43

methyl alcohol --- alcohol dehydrogenase --> formaldehyde --- acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase --> formic acid

Question 44

What toxic effects can come from methanol ingestion

Answer 44

metabolic acidosis | blindness; formic acid kills retinal cells

Question 45

What is the treatment for methanol ingestion

Answer 45

ethanol ingestion; methanol metabolism is slower, will "weed out" the methanol

Question 46

This is a specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase (methanol)

Answer 46

fomepizole