Flashcards in Exam 4; Biogenic Amines Deck (47):
1
What is used to convert histamine to histamine
histadine decarboxylase
2
What are four functions of histamine
growth and regeneration
neurotransmission
regulator of microcirculation
defense mechanisms
3
Histamine is released following a tissue injury, and has what four effects
inflammatory response
mechanical, thermal, chemical, or radiant injury
warning system via stimulation of sensory neurons
enhancer of the immune system
4
What is the mechanism of action of histamine
it binds to specific histamine receptor
5
What are four physiologic effects involving histamine and the vascular system
constricts larger vessels
dilate smaller vessels
cause pooling of the blood at the injury site
cause endothelial cell leakage; "wheal"
6
What is the "triple response" to injected histamine
central red spot; due to vasodilation
flare
wheal
7
What are the two neuronal physiologic effects of histamine
stimulation of sensory neuron; itching/pain
CNS effects increasing alertness
8
What are two physiologic effects of histamine regarding the smooth muscle
constricts bronchioles; bronchoconstriction
constricts metastmeal muscle; diarrhea
9
What is the physiologic effect of histamine regarding exocrine secretion
stimulates bronchial, salivary, and digestive secretions
10
What is the mechanism behind anti-histamine actions
blocks the histamine receptor
11
What are the CNS effects of H1 blockers
sedative (can be excitatory in children and the elderly)
anti-emetic
anti-nausea
12
H1 blockers cause the drying of this
mucous membranes
histamine stimulates the secretion
13
How does H1 blockers affect the peripheral nervous system
acts as a local anesthetic
14
Hows does H1 blockers affect the smooth muscle
it is a dilator; bronchial smooth muscle dilator
15
H1 blockers inhibit the secretion of what
interleukins, which are stimulators of the immune system and other inflammatory mediators
16
H2 blockers affect gastric secretion how
histamine is required to stimulate gastric secretion from parietal cells, an H2 blockade leads to a decrease in acid secretion
17
What three things under the category of "dermatoses" are the first generation classes H1 anti-histamines used for
urticarias (itching)
insect stings/bites
allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis
18
What are H1 antihistamines NOT of value in treating
asthma or the common cold
19
H1 anti-histamines are used for these two things besides dermatoses
motion sickness (anti-emetic, anti-nauseant)
sedative
20
This first generation h1 blocker has sedative effects and is used for motion sickness
diphenyhydramine
21
This first generation h1 blocker is used for motion sickness
clemastine
22
This first generation h1 blocker is not used for motion sickness
chlopheniramine
23
This first generation h1 blocker is used as a sedative and anti-itch
hydroxyzine
24
This first generation h1 blocker was a precursor of the first anti-psychotic drugs and is a strong sedative/anti-emetic
promethazine
25
This first generation h1 blocker is a sedative and has local anesthetic effects
tripelennamine
26
True or False
The first generation h1 blockers can ever the CNS
True; because they are not ionized
27
All of the first generation h1 blockers can act on what
the peripheral and central histamine receptors
28
What are the four second generation h1 blockers
the "-ines"
lortadine
fexofenadine
desloratadine
cetirizine
29
The second generation H1 blockers have less this than compared to the first generation
CNS effects; all are ionized in the blood
30
What are the three toxicities and contraindications for ALL h1 blockers
high therapeutic index
first generations can react with other CNS depressants
anti-mucarinic effects
31
What are the four H2 blockers
(-tidine's)
cimetidine
rantidine
famotidine
nazitidine
32
What is the side effects of cimetidine
H2 blocker
anti-androgen effects
breast growth in males
lactation in women
low sperm count
33
The -tidine drugs do not cross what
the blood brain barrier
(H2 blockers)
34
What is serotonin synthesized from
tryptophan
35
What are the four physiologic effects of serotonin
smooth muscle constriction
itching and pain
central neurotransmission (important neurotransmitter)
can cause nausea
36
What is carcinoid syndrome
tumor of enterochromaffin cells (where serotonin is found)
37
What are the five effects of an increase in serotonin
diarrhea
bronchospasm
sin flushing
fibrosis of heart valves
no CNS effects; produced peripherally
38
How is the role of serotonin in migraines inferred
by the effect of certain drugs useful in treating migraines
39
How do the agents that affect migraines alter the serotonin system
agonists or partial agonists of serotonin receptor
40
The serotonin agonists that act on migraines all cause what
vasoconstriction
41
What are the agents that act on serotonin receptors
the "-triptan's"
sumatriptan
42
The triptan drugs should never be given with these drugs, would lead to a synergistic effect
SSRIs or MAO inhibitors
43
What is serotonin syndrome
hyperthermia and muscle twitching
44
What are the two ergot alkaloids
ergotamine
dihydrogotamine
45
How do the ergot alkaloids affect serotonin
partial serotonin agonists; can also affect adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors
46
What are the for side effects of ergot alkaloids
ergotism; excess of ergot alkaloids
"St. Anthony's fire"
hallucinations
uterine contractions
severe vasospasms; gangrene
47