Exam 1; Introduction of Pharmacology

Question 1

How many unique drugs were introduced last year

Answer 1

19

Question 2

What is pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

the mechanism by which drugs act on the body

Question 3

All drugs must have what

Answer 3

a target

Question 4

What general substances can be drug targets

Answer 4

specific biochemical or physiological chemicals

can be specific or non-specific

Question 5

What five things in a cell can be a drug target

Answer 5

membrane receptor
intracellular receptor
transporter
ion channel
enzymatic pathways

Question 6

Antacids are agents that work by what

Answer 6

general chemical effects

Question 7

Laxatives and Diuretics are agents that work by what

Answer 7

osmotic effects

Question 8

Agents that act by binding non-specifically to large molecules include what two things

Answer 8

protein denaturants - ethanol

anticancer drugs bind nonspecifically to DNA

Question 9

Agents that bind specifically to large molecules includes what

Answer 9

monocolonal antibodies; such as infliximab (-mab ending)

binds to TNF use to treat arthritis

Question 10

This agent inhibits the specific enzyme cyclooxygenase (anti-inflammatory)

Answer 10

asprin

Question 11

This agent inhibits the specific enzyme dihydrofolate (anti-neoplastic)

Answer 11

methothrexate

Question 12

This agent inhibits the specific enzyme monoamine oxidase (anti-depressant)

Answer 12

tranylcypromine

Question 13

This agent activates the specific enzyme guanylate cyclase (treatment of angina; vasodilation)

Answer 13

nitroglycerin

Question 14

This agent activates the specific enzyme anti-thrombin 3 (anti-coagulate)

Answer 14

heparin

Question 15

This agent binds to and inactivates a protein kinase (leukemia treatment)

Answer 15

imitinib

Question 16

This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting norepinephrine uptake by the neuron

Answer 16

cocaine

Question 17

This agent acts upon a transport system by diuretic blocking (inhibiting) transport on Na and Cl by kidney tubule

Answer 17

chlorothiazide

Question 18

This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting serotonin re-uptake by neurons (antidepressant)

Answer 18

fluoxetine

Question 19

This agent acts upon a transport system by inhibiting hydrogen ion transport by parietal cells; decreases stomach acid

Answer 19

omeprazole

Question 20

This agent acts upon an ion channel by blocking calcium channels; anti-hypertensive

Answer 20

nifedipine

Question 21

This agent acts upon an ion channel by increasing K uptake; anti-hypertensive

Answer 21

minoxidil

Question 22

This agent acts upon an ion channel by inhibiting Na channels; local anesthetic

Answer 22

procaine

Question 23

This agent acts upon a cell membrane receptor by blocking β-adrenergic receptors; anti-hypertensive

Answer 23

propranolol

Question 24

These agents act upon a intracellular receptors

Answer 24

steroids - glucocorticoids - cortisol

Question 25

This is a protein or protein complex which is a detector of cell signals

Answer 25

receptor

Question 26

What are the three main characters of a receptor

Answer 26

sensitivity selectivity specificity

Question 27

Receptor activators are what

Answer 27

agonists

Question 28

Receptor blockers are what

Answer 28

antagonists

Question 29

What do partial agonists do?

Answer 29

bind to receptor but doesn't fully activate it

Question 30

What three changes occur when a receptor is bound by an agonist

Answer 30

enzyme activation activation of transport system opening of an ion channel

Question 31

Intracellular receptors alter what

Answer 31

DNA expression (steroids)

Question 32

True or False | The number and sensitivity of receptors cannot change over time

Answer 32

False; it can change over time

Question 33

What mechanism can cause receptor sensitivity to change over time

Answer 33

continual stimulation --> down regulation of receptors | drug tolerance, desensitization

Question 34

This is very rapid desensitization (can occur within minutes); nose drops

Answer 34

tachyphylaxis

Question 35

What is the dose-response curve

Answer 35

the biological effect of response of different doses; sigmoidal dose-response curve

Question 36

What three things does the dose-response curve show

Answer 36

dose at which the effect first occurs dose that causes maximal effect dose and which 50% of max effect occurs

Question 37

The maximal therapeutic effect of a drug is also called what

Answer 37

efficacy

Question 38

The more efficacious a drug is, the more what

Answer 38

the more useful it is

Question 39

The effect of the drug relative to the dose is called what

Answer 39

potentacy

Question 40

What is ED50

Answer 40

the dose at which 50% of max efficacy; clinical dose

Question 41

What is the TD50

Answer 41

the dose at which 50% of max toxic dose

Question 42

What is the therapeutic index of a drug

Answer 42

TD50/ED50