Flashcards in Exam 1; Antihypertensive Agents Deck (80)
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1
What is the definition of hypertension
any prolonged elevation in blood pressure
most common cardiovascular disease
most are untreated
2
What is the desirable blood pressure
115/75
3
What category of blood pressure is pre-hypertensive
120/80-139/89
4
What category of blood pressure is stage 1 hypertension
140/90
5
What category of blood pressure is stage 2 hypertension
180/110
6
What category of blood pressure is hypertensive urgency
220/120
7
Every increase in blood pressure of what increases likelihood of cardiovascular incident by two fold
20/10
8
What is the result if 220/120 blood pressure is untreated for the long term
60% die within 6 months
80% dies within the year
9
What is it about hypertension that makes it so dangerous
it is generally asymptomatic until its final stages; can cause stroke, heart attack, aneurysms, and renal failure
10
True or False
There is a clear treatment option for hypertension
True
11
What is secondary hypertension (5-10%)
Know exactly what the problem/cause is (renal, tumor, etc.)
12
What is primary or essential hypertension
the cause is unknown
13
What is malignant hypertension
220/120+
14
A baroreceptor on the blood vessel stimulates what center of the brain
vasomotor center
15
In the vasomotor center of the brain, what occurs upon receiving a signal from the baroreceptor
NE is released to an α1 receptor which increases sympathetic flow
NE also autostimulates an α2 receptor which decreases sympathetic flow
16
The synapse from the vasomotor center relays to what
a paravertebral ganglia
17
From the paravertebral ganglia, what two places does the signal from the vasomotor center go
β1 receptors on the heart to increase cardiovascular output
α1 receptors on the blood vessel to stimulate vasoconstriction
18
A calcium influx into the blood vessel causes what to occur
constriction
19
A potassium efflux out of the blood vessel causes what to occur
relaxation
20
An increase cyclicGMP activity in the blood vessel causes what to occur
relaxation
21
Stimulation of an endothelium receptor on a blood vessel causes what to occur
constriction
22
Stimulation of a DA (dopamine) receptor on a blood vessel causes what to occur
relaxation
23
Stimulation of the angiotension II receptor by angiotension II on a blood vessel causes what to occur
constriction
24
The neuronal-vascular control loop is what kind of response to blood pressure changes
extremely rapid response (sudden dizziness upon sitting up quickly)
reflex blood pressure control
25
The kidney control loop system is what kind of response to blood pressure changes
long term regulation of blood pressure
renin-angiotension-aldesterone system
26
A decrease in renal blood pressure or decrease in Na in the kidney stimulates what
increases renin secretion by the kidney
27
Renin from the kidney is a precursor to what, via angiotensionogen
angiotension I
28
Angiotension 1 is converted to what via angiotension converting enzyme
angiotension II
29
Angiotension II has what three effects
vasoconstriction
Na retention in the kidney
secretion of aldesterone
30
