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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Introduction to the nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the control center of the neuron?

A

-Cell body

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2
Q

What is released from the nerve terminals?

A

-Neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What are two types of terminals?

A
  • Excitatory

- Inhibitory

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4
Q

What is an excitatory transmitters?

A

-

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5
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

-It is actually both

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6
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

-Excitatory

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7
Q

Is Dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

-Inhibitory

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8
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

-Inhibitory

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9
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

-Both

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10
Q

What is direct action from a neurotransmitter?

A
  • Neurotransmitter binds to and opens ion channels

- Promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential

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11
Q

Does GABA work through direct or indirect action?

A

-Direct action

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12
Q

What is indirect action of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers, usually G protein pathways
  • Broader, longer-lasting effects
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13
Q

What is a voltage gated membrane channel?

A

-opens and closes in response to voltage changes across the membrane

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14
Q

What is a ligand gated membrane channel?

A

-A hormone, drug or transmitter binds to the protein and the channel opens up

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15
Q

What type of membrane channels does lidocaine act on?

A

-Voltage gated by inhibiting Na+ channels

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16
Q

What are the two type of receptors found on membrane channels?

A
  • Ionotropic

- Metabotropic

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17
Q

What type of action comes from an ionotropic receptor?

A

-An immediate and brief action

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18
Q

What type of receptor is not directly linked to ion channels?

A

-Metabotropic

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19
Q

What are the two types of metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Membrane-delimited (occur entirely in plane of membrane)

- Diffusible second messengers

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20
Q

What is an autoreceptor?

A

-Receptors on an axon terminal through which the neuron’s own neurotransmitter can influence the function of the terminal (usually inhibitory)

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21
Q

What is a heteroreceptor?

A

-Receptors on an axon terminal through which neurotransmitters from other neuronal types can influence the function of the terminal (usually shuts things down)

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22
Q

What type of receptor initiates biochemical processes that mediate more long-term effects and modify the responsiveness of the neuron?

A

-Metabotropic

23
Q

What are three catecholamine neurotransmitters?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
24
Q

What disease can be caused from lack of dopamine?

A

-Parkinsons

25
Q

What amino acid is needed to make dopamine?

A

-Tyrosine

26
Q

What enzyme converts tyrosine once it enters the nerve?

A

-Tyrosine hydroxylase

27
Q

What does tyrosine hydroxylase convert tyrosine into?

A

-DOPA (Dihydroxyphenylalaine)

28
Q

What is DOPA converted to?

A

-Dopamine (DA)

29
Q

What enzyme converts DOPA to DA?

A

-AADC (Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase)

30
Q

What transporter puts DA into the vesicle?

A

-VMAT (Vesicular monoamine transmitter)

31
Q

When Dopamine is released what can it do?

A
  • It can bind to an autoreceptor
  • Can go to a post-synaptic receptor
  • Or Dopamine can be taken back up
32
Q

What happens if Dopamine binds to an autroreceptor?

A
  • Decrease the release of dopamine

- Decrease the activity of Tyrosine hydroxylase (inhibit production)

33
Q

How is dopamine taken back up into the nerve terminal?

A

-Dopamine transporter

34
Q

If dopamine is taken back up via the dopamine transporter what enzyme acts on it to break it down?

A

-Monoamine oxidase

35
Q

T/F Amphetamine molecules can cross through the dopamine transporter

A

True

36
Q

What is the first step in making norepinephrine?

A

-Tyrosine enters the nerve terminal

37
Q

In making norepinephrine what converts tyrosine into DOPA?

A

-Tyrosine Hydroxylase

38
Q

What converts DOPA to DA?

A

-AADC

39
Q

What converts DA to norepinephrine?

A

-DBH (Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase)

40
Q

How does DA enter the vesicle?

A

-VMAT

41
Q

Where does DA get converted into Norepinephrine?

A

-Vesicle via DBH

42
Q

When norepinephrine is released where can it go?

A
  • Autoreceptor
  • Post synaptic receptors
  • Taken back up into the nerve terminal
43
Q

What is the autoreceptor that norepinephrine goes to?

A

-Alpha 2

44
Q

How is norepinephrine taken back up into the nerve terminal?

A

-Norepinephrine transporter

45
Q

What breaks down norepinephrine down to a metabolite when it is taken back up into the nerve terminal?

A

-Monoamine oxidase

46
Q

How is norepinephrine converted to epinephrine?

A

-PNMT (Phenylalanine-N-Methyl transferase)

47
Q

What amino acid is used to make serotonin?

A

-Tryptophan

48
Q

What enzyme converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan?

A

-Tryptophan hydroxylase

49
Q

What enzyme converts 5-hydroxytryptophan to 5HT?

A

-AADC

50
Q

What takes up 5-HT into a vesicle?

A

-VMAT

51
Q

What is another name for serotonin?

A

-5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

52
Q

What can 5-HT do when it release from the nerve terminal?

A
  • Go to an autoreceptor (5-HT)
  • Bind to post-synaptic receptors
  • Go back into the nerve
53
Q

What takes 5-HT back into the nerve terminal?

A

-SERT

54
Q

What enzyme metabolizes 5-HT when it gets back into the nerve terminal?

A

-Monoamine oxidase

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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