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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Lung pathology > Flashcards

Lung pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atelectasis (Collapse)?

A

-Inadequate expansion of airspaces

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2
Q

What can cause atelectasis?

A
  • Aspiration
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pleural fibrosis
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3
Q

What can atelectasis give rise to?

A

-Hypoxia

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4
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

-Progression of acute injury and damage from activated neutrophils

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5
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A

-Cigarette Smoke

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6
Q

Besides cigarette smoke what else can cause COPD?

A
  • Emphysema
  • Asthma
  • Bronchietasis
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7
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

-Destruction of elastic fibers alveolar walls leading to permanent enlargement of airspaces

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8
Q

What is the clinical appearance of someone with emphysema?

A
  • Hyperinflation with barrel chest
  • Long expiratory phase with pursing of lips
  • Dyspnea with cough and wheezing
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9
Q

What causes Emphysema?

A
  • Smoking (inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin)
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • Air pollution
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10
Q

What is Chronic bronchitis?

A

-Persistent productive cough lasting longer than 3 months in 2 consecutive years

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11
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Smoking
  • Air pollution
  • Mucus hypersecretion associated with productive coughing
  • Increased Reid index
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12
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

-Obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections

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13
Q

What does bronchiectasis cause?

A

Destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls

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14
Q

What is asthma?

A

-Reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways

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15
Q

What do you see in asthma pathology?

A
  • Hyperinflated lungs
  • Thick mucus plugs in airways
  • Smooth muscle hypertrophy
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16
Q

What clinical signs might you see with asthma?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness
  • Precipitated by vagal stimulation
  • Occurs in younger populations
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17
Q

What is Fibrosing lung diseases?

A
  • Usual interstitial pneumonitis
  • NSIP
  • RB-ILD
  • DIP
  • Collagen vascular diseases
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18
Q

What are fibrosing lung diseases associated with?

A

-Collagen vascular diseases such as Rhematoid arthritis/SLE

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19
Q

What causes Occupational lung diseases?

A
  • Mineral dust induced (Coal WOrker’s Pneumoconiosis)
  • Silicosis
  • Asbestosis (Mesothelioma)
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20
Q

What is a restrictive lung disease/multisystem disease of unknown etiology?

A

-Sarcoidosis

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21
Q

What do you see in Sarcoidosis?

A
  • Abnormal connective tissue and reduced elastic properties

- Multi-organ involvement

22
Q

What causes Sarcoidosis?

A

-Abnormally stimulated CD4 T helper cells

23
Q

What is Hemoptosis?

A

-Coughing up blood

24
Q

When do you see hemoptosis?

A

-Most diseases that cause sever coughing

25
Q

What are two vascular diseases of the lung?

A
  • Pulmonary embolus

- Pulmonary hypertension

26
Q

What can a pulmonary embolus cause?

A

-Sudden death if in pulmonary artery

27
Q

What is the origin of a pulmonary embolus?

A

-Deep veins in legs

28
Q

What are the outcomes of a pulmonary embolus?

A
  • Death
  • Prolonged bed rest
  • Surgery
  • Congestive heart failure
29
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary hypertension?

A
  • Heart disease
  • Recurrent thromboemboli
  • Chronic lung disease
30
Q

What can develop with pulmonary hypertension?

A

-Cor pulmonale (Right ventricular failure)

31
Q

What is restrictive lung disease caused by?

A

-Fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities

32
Q

What happens to the gas exchange in restrictive lung disease?

A
  • Impaired

- Have difficulty inhaling and expanding lungs

33
Q

What cause vascular lung disease?

A

-Gas exchange impaired by obstruction or hemorrhage

34
Q

What are the types of vascular lung disease?

A
  • Abrupt

- Insidious

35
Q

What causes obstruction lung diseases?

A

-Blocked airways

36
Q

In obstruction lung diseases where is gas exchange not impaired?

A

-Through septal walls

37
Q

T/F In obstructive lung disease a person is unable to exhale

A

-True

38
Q

What is a Ghon complex associated with?

A

-TB

39
Q

What does TB usually effect?

A

-Usually lungs but can affect other organs

40
Q

Where does TB flourish?

A
  • Crowded

- Impoverished areas

41
Q

T/F TB is non-contagious during long periods of dormancy

A

True

42
Q

T/F TB problems include multidrug antibiotic resistance

A

True

43
Q

What type of granulomas does TB form?

A

-Necrotizing granuloma

44
Q

T/F Most lung cancers are carinomas.

A

True

45
Q

What are the most common types of lung cancer carcinomas?

A
  • Adeno

- Squamous cell type

46
Q

What are the most aggressive type of lung cancers?

A

-Small cell (oat cell) Carcinoma

47
Q

How many times more likely are smokers to develop a lung tumor than the general population?

A

55 X

48
Q

What can lung tumors frequently spread?

A

-Brain

49
Q

What is atopic asthma?

A
  • Allergic reaction

- Hypersensitivity response

50
Q

What is non-atopic asthma?

A
  • Non-allergy related

- May be family related but causes are not clear

51
Q

What type of infection is hospital acquired?

A

-Nosocomial

52
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide?

A

-Lung carcinoma

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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