LM 2: Microbiome Flashcards

(25 cards)

1
Q

Définition: Microbiote intestinal

A

Ensemble des MOs résidant dans le tube digestif

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2
Q

Définition: Microbiome

A

Ensemble du matériel génétique contenu dans les MOs (et leur environnement/metabolites) susceptible d’avoir un impact sur le host

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3
Q

Définition: Prébiotique

A

Substrat nutritionnel favorisant croissance des microbes bénéfiques pour la santé du host

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4
Q

Définition: Probiotiques

A

Microorganismes vivants qui confèrent des bénéfices pour la santé lorsque administré en quantité adéquate au host

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5
Q

3 main functions of microbiota in vivo

A

Immunomodulation, Fermentation (↑ nutrient extraction / Biosynthesis of vitamins), Protection (Secretion of antimicrobial substances to prevent C diff)

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6
Q

Principales familles de bactéries composant le microbiote intestinal humain (en ordre de prévalence)

A

Firmicutes → Clostridium ; Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes → Bacteroides (eg. B fragilis), Actinobacteria → Bifidobacterium, Autres = Fungi → Candida++ et autres

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7
Q

Location of aerobic bacteria in GIT

A

Proximal GIT (Stomach, duodenum ad ileum)

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8
Q

Location of anaerobic bacteria in GIT

A

Distal GIT (Colon)

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9
Q

Vers quel age le microbiote de l’enfant est comparable à celui de l’adulte?

A

3 ans

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10
Q

Impact du vieillissement sur le microbiote intestinal

A

↓Bifidobactéries = ↓Système immunitaire, ↑Clostridium/↑Proteobacteries

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11
Q

Impact d’un c-section sur microbiote du neonate

A

Contact avec bacteries similaires au microbiote cutané/oral = Moins de diversité = ↑Risque de maladies immunes/infectieuses/atopiques

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12
Q

Quelles sont les principales bactéries dans le microbiote de l’enfant in utero?

A

Aucun - GIT stérile in utero

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13
Q

Facteurs influencant composition du microbiote humain

A

Genetique, Geographie, Diète (fruits/legumes surtout), Sommeil, Activité physique, Pathologies, Hx personnelle ou familiale de stress important, Medicaments (Abx++)

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14
Q

À quel age le microbiote intestinal de l’enfant est distinct et stable?

A

11 mois

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15
Q

Théorie expliquant l’immunomodulation du système immunitaire par le microbiote

A

Metabolites secreted by microbiota cause release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF)

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16
Q

Conséquences de l’absence de microbiote sur le host

A

Metabolisme altéré: Weight loss, Susceptibilité diminuée à l’anxiété et depression, Immunité diminuée, Motilité GI altérée

17
Q

Quel antibiotique est gut-selective?

18
Q

What is the central element to modify intestinal microbiota?

19
Q

Contre-indications aux probiotiques

A

Severe immunosuppression → Not a true CI but better to avoid, Lactose intolerance → Lactobacillus, Yeast allergy → Sacharomyces, Celiac → Gluten containing caps

20
Q

Seule indication thérapeutique du transplant fécal

A

Refractory C diff colitis in immunocompetent/mildly immunosuppressed patients

21
Q

Main microbiota alterations in IBD

A

↓Microbial diversity, ↓Number of bacteria, Changes in distribution of Firmicutes/Actinobacteria/Proteobacteria

22
Q

True or False: Dysbiosis has been identified as a definitive culprit of IBS

A

FALSE

Link has not officially been proven, but some evidence suggests there are small changes in microbiota which are hard to identify using tests

23
Q

Recommended probiotic for IBS

A

Align (Bifidobacterium)

24
Q

Best bacterial strains shown to reduce Global Sx in IBS

A

Escherichia spp. > Lactobacillus > Bacillus

However low certainty and low level of evidence

25
Long term safety of fecal transplants
¯\_(ツ)_/¯ ## Footnote No long-term studies so we don't know