Medical Issues Ch. Pulmonary System and Conditions Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
pulmonary system functions
A
extracts oxygen from the air
exchanges oxygen with carbon dioxide in the blood
2
Q
prevalence of pulmonary pathology
A
second most frequent cause of disability
fifth leading cause of death among adults
14-15 million people suffer from asthma
3
Q
inspiration A/P
A
active movement
contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
4
Q
expiration A/P
A
passive movement
relaxation of inspiring muscles
5
Q
accessory breathing
A
the use of muscles other than the respiration muscles to breathe
6
Q
respiration
A
gas exchange
7
Q
ventilation
A
movement of air in and out of the lungs
8
Q
ventilation control
A
medulla oblongata -senses pH changes in the blood receptors -baroreceptors -chemoreceptors nervous system -phrenic nerve --C3-C5 nerve root
9
Q
effects of exercise on respiratory system
A
increased blood to the lungs
increased oxygen demand to muscles
increased carbon dioxide produced by muscles
increase in ventilation
10
Q
S/S of pulmonary disease
A
dyspnea cough cyanosis abnormal breathing patterns thorax pain
11
Q
types of coughs
A
dry cough -allergic irritant purulent sputum (pus) -lower respiratory infection hemoptysis -lung damage (referral)
12
Q
thorax pain types
A
tracheobronchial -occurs over trachea diaphragm -can refer to shoulder -less commonly the neck, ribs pleurisy -results from inflammation of parietal pleura
13
Q
medical history and physical exam
A
family and personal history symptoms inspection palpation percussion auscultation respiration rate and depth HR BP Peak Flow Meter
14
Q
family and personal history questions
A
smoking
15
Q
inspection
A
deformities
- pes excavatum
- -concave
- pes carinatum
- -convex
16
Q
palpation
A
palpate ribs
17
Q
percussion
A
lungs should be resonant
18
Q
peak flow meter
A
establish a baseline for your patient test patient upon suspicion of bronchospasm -green zone: 80-100% of baseline -yellow zone: 50-80% of personal best --medication is necessary -red zone: below 50% --call 911
19
Q
pulmonary pathology sources
A
environmental influences
trauma
genetic factors
immune response
20
Q
pulmonary pathology disease classification
A
obstructive
-limits airflow
restrictive
-limits lung expansion
21
Q
flail chest injury
A
multiple fractures that result in displacement of the ribs
can also sprain the joint between the rib and cartilage
22
Q
pneumothorax
A
collaped lung (air in the pleural space) commonly caused by trauma S/S -pain -trouble breathing -would hear hyper-resonance during percussion Tx -referral
23
Q
hemothorax
A
blood in the pleural space S/S -similar to pneumothorax -coughing up blood (frothy) -percussion and auscultation differences Tx -referral
24
Q
asthma
A
produces -bronchial spasms -chronic bronchial inflammation -bronchial edema symptoms -chest constriction -fatigue -anxiety clinical signs: symptoms worsen at night
25
asthma cont.
```
onset
-begins early, genetic predisposition to severe allergic responses
causes
-allergens
-infection
-cold/dry air
-emotional states
-exercise
Tx
-patient education is important
-limit inflammation (corticostaroids)
-treat bronchospasms (short and long acting beta-2 agonist)
-control symptoms
-prevent exacerbation by controlling known triggers
```
26
management of an acute asthma attack
```
seated position
take deep breaths
exhale through pursed lips (whistle)
tell them to remain calm
administer inhaler
ER is all else fails
```
27
asthma can cause
pneumothorax
acute right heart failure
hypoxia
28
exercise induced bronchospasm
exercise-induced asthma
more common than asthma
-15% of the population
-90% of people with asthma
-35-40% of people with allergies
occurs 5-10 minutes into exercise, worsens with activity
spontaneous recovery occurs 30-60 minutes after stopping exercise
29
exercise induced bronchospasm
- triggers
- S/S
```
triggers
-cold, dry air
-allergens
-pollutions
-infection
S/S
-unusual dyspnea
-central chest pain during exercise
-coughing
```
30
Acute EIB management
similar to an asthma attack
remove from exercise
reassure
assess and monitor
31
when to refer w/ EIB
cyanosis
syncope
symptoms >60 minutes
32
short acting Beta-2 agonists
albuterol (proventil, ventolin)
bronchodilators
can also prevent the tightening of the muscle around the airways caused by asthma triggers
33
Beta-2 agonist how to use
inhaled
nebulizer or MDI
take 2 puffs from a MDI 2-3 minutes apart, not more often than every 4 hours apart
can take up to 30 minutes for effects to occur
athlete may need to get on field earlier than most to warm up
side effects
-jittery
34
inhaled corticosteroids
```
most common for chronic asthma sufferers
will only fix the problem of inflammation, not bronchoconstriction
comes in inhaled and oral forms
-inhaled for more chronic
-oral for acute exacerbation
other names
-Vanceril DS
-Flovent
-Axmacort
```
35
long acting Beta-2 agonist
not to be a substitute for corticosteroids
used in addition to corticosteroids
effects can diminish after even a month of use
other names
-Serevent
-Foradil
great for multi-sport or for young kids who play all day long
36
exercise induced anaphylaxis
```
breathing disorder + chronic use of NSAIDs
produces an abnormal immune response
S/S
-flushing
-urticaria
-cough, croup (deep "honking" cough)
-stridor
--harsh wheezing sound
-hypotension & tachycardia (shock)
```
37
EIA treatment
administer Epipen
| call 911
38
acute bronchitis
```
caused by infection or irritant that produces an inflammatory response
-most commonly viral
early S/S
-fever
-nonproductive cough
-sore throat
-chest pain
progresses to
-productive cough
-wheezing
treatment
-cough suppressants
-rest
-hydration
```
39
chronic bronchitis
caused by prolonged or repeated exposure to irritants
inflammation of the bronchial mucous membranes
S/S
-wheezing
-dyspnea
-cough that is more productive in the mornings and evenings
symptoms present from 3 months - 2 years
treatment
-avoid irritants
40
pneumonia
every year more than 60,000 Americans die of pneumonia
infection and inflammation in the lungs
recognition and early treatment is the best option
41
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
may develop secondary to other infections
fluid can accumulate at the site of the inflammation
can cause coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, and retractions
diagnosis
-auscultation
-pain at one site with laughing, coughing
42
pleurisy
| -doctor may order
```
chest X-ray
CBC
chest CT or ultrasound
thoracentesis
important to look for underlying pathology
```
43
influenza
```
the "Flu"
viral
S/S
-high fever
-headache/body aches
-cough
-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-fatigue
-loss of appetite
-nasal congestion
-sore throat
refer when
-close contact with other person's diagnosed influenza
-symptomatic
diagnosis
-clinincal grounds mainly
-antigen testing
-CBC's
-sputum cultures
-fever is generally the hallmark
```
44
upper respiratory infections
rhinovirus
very easily spread through cough or sneeze
mild symptoms very similar to influenza but don't last as long
secondary bacterial infection can happen
7-10 day duration
45
tuberculosis
```
highly contagious bacterial infection
-mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne droplets cause infection
immunocompromised people are more likely to get active TB
S/S
-fatigue
-fever
-weight loss
-cough
-hemoptysis
-shortness of breath/wheezing
diagnosis
-skin test
-symptomatic
-positive radiograph
```
46
pulmonary obstructive disorders (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a classification of diseases involving partially blocked airways
-asthma
-bronchitis
-emphysema
-cystic fibrosis
decreased vital capacity, increased CO2, decreased O2, thus disrupting the diffusion gradient across the alveoli
47
emphysema
complication of chronic pulmonary disease + prolonged smoking
causes destruction of alveolar walls, capillaries, and lung elasticity
S/S
-SOB
-increased exhalation effort
-infection
-Cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure)
irreversible, poor prognosis
