Flashcards in Medical Issues Ch. Pulmonary System and Conditions Deck (47)
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1
pulmonary system functions
extracts oxygen from the air
exchanges oxygen with carbon dioxide in the blood
2
prevalence of pulmonary pathology
second most frequent cause of disability
fifth leading cause of death among adults
14-15 million people suffer from asthma
3
inspiration A/P
active movement
contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
4
expiration A/P
passive movement
relaxation of inspiring muscles
5
accessory breathing
the use of muscles other than the respiration muscles to breathe
6
respiration
gas exchange
7
ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
8
ventilation control
medulla oblongata
-senses pH changes in the blood
receptors
-baroreceptors
-chemoreceptors
nervous system
-phrenic nerve
--C3-C5 nerve root
9
effects of exercise on respiratory system
increased blood to the lungs
increased oxygen demand to muscles
increased carbon dioxide produced by muscles
increase in ventilation
10
S/S of pulmonary disease
dyspnea
cough
cyanosis
abnormal breathing patterns
thorax pain
11
types of coughs
dry cough
-allergic irritant
purulent sputum (pus)
-lower respiratory infection
hemoptysis
-lung damage (referral)
12
thorax pain types
tracheobronchial
-occurs over trachea
diaphragm
-can refer to shoulder
-less commonly the neck, ribs
pleurisy
-results from inflammation of parietal pleura
13
medical history and physical exam
family and personal history
symptoms
inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation
respiration rate and depth
HR
BP
Peak Flow Meter
14
family and personal history questions
smoking
15
inspection
deformities
-pes excavatum
--concave
-pes carinatum
--convex
16
palpation
palpate ribs
17
percussion
lungs should be resonant
18
peak flow meter
establish a baseline for your patient
test patient upon suspicion of bronchospasm
-green zone: 80-100% of baseline
-yellow zone: 50-80% of personal best
--medication is necessary
-red zone: below 50%
--call 911
19
pulmonary pathology sources
environmental influences
trauma
genetic factors
immune response
20
pulmonary pathology disease classification
obstructive
-limits airflow
restrictive
-limits lung expansion
21
flail chest injury
multiple fractures that result in displacement of the ribs
can also sprain the joint between the rib and cartilage
22
pneumothorax
collaped lung (air in the pleural space)
commonly caused by trauma
S/S
-pain
-trouble breathing
-would hear hyper-resonance during percussion
Tx
-referral
23
hemothorax
blood in the pleural space
S/S
-similar to pneumothorax
-coughing up blood (frothy)
-percussion and auscultation differences
Tx
-referral
24
asthma
produces
-bronchial spasms
-chronic bronchial inflammation
-bronchial edema
symptoms
-chest constriction
-fatigue
-anxiety
clinical signs: symptoms worsen at night
25
asthma cont.
onset
-begins early, genetic predisposition to severe allergic responses
causes
-allergens
-infection
-cold/dry air
-emotional states
-exercise
Tx
-patient education is important
-limit inflammation (corticostaroids)
-treat bronchospasms (short and long acting beta-2 agonist)
-control symptoms
-prevent exacerbation by controlling known triggers
26
management of an acute asthma attack
seated position
take deep breaths
exhale through pursed lips (whistle)
tell them to remain calm
administer inhaler
ER is all else fails
27
asthma can cause
pneumothorax
acute right heart failure
hypoxia
28
exercise induced bronchospasm
exercise-induced asthma
more common than asthma
-15% of the population
-90% of people with asthma
-35-40% of people with allergies
occurs 5-10 minutes into exercise, worsens with activity
spontaneous recovery occurs 30-60 minutes after stopping exercise
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exercise induced bronchospasm
-triggers
-S/S
triggers
-cold, dry air
-allergens
-pollutions
-infection
S/S
-unusual dyspnea
-central chest pain during exercise
-coughing
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