Ortho Exam

Question 1

What is the most likely differential: <1.5y/o dog forelimb lameness

Answer 1

OCD
Elbow dysplasia

Question 2

What is the most likely differential: >7y/o dog forelimb lameness

Answer 2

OSA

Question 3

What is the most likely differential: agility dog with forelimb lameness

Answer 3

digits

Question 4

What is the most likely differential: hunting dog with forelimb lameness

Answer 4

shoulders

Question 5

What is the most likely differential: young GSD with forelimb lameness

Answer 5

Panosteitis

Question 6

What is the most likely differential: rottweiler with forelimb lameness

Answer 6

OSA

Question 7

What is the most likely differential: young lab with forelimb lameness

Answer 7

Elbow dysplasia

Question 8

What is the most likely differential: chronic, intermittent lameness

Answer 8

Chronic tendinopathies

Question 9

What is the most likely differential: chronic, slowly progressive lameness

Answer 9

Arthritis

Question 10

What is the most likely differential: acute, improving lameness

Answer 10

1st/2nd degree sprain/strain

Question 11

What is the most likely differential: acute, severe, persistent lameness

Answer 11

Fracture
Luxation

Question 12

What is the most likely differential: acute, with chronic history

Answer 12

Pathologic fracture
Exacerbation of OA

Question 13

Grade 1 Lameness

Answer 13

Slight
Inconsistent lameness that is difficult to observe and/or it is difficult to determine the affected limb (i.e. no consistent head movement/pelvic tilt is observed)
Weight bearing at all times

Question 14

Grade 2 Lameness

Answer 14

Mild
Clearly detectable lameness associated with minor head movement/pelvic tilt
Weight bearing at all times

Question 15

Grade 3 Lameness

Answer 15

Moderate
Clearly detectable lameness associated with obvious head movement/pelvic tilt
Weight bearing at all times

Question 16

Grade 4 Lameness

Answer 16

Severe
Clearly detectable lameness associated with obvious head movement/pelvic tilt
Occasionally non-weight-bearing/toe touching

Question 17

Gade 5 Lameness

Answer 17

Non-weight bearing
Always non-weight-bearing/toe touching

Question 18

What is indicative of forelimb lameness on gait analysis?

Answer 18

Head moves up from neutral when lame leg hits the ground (to decrease weight placed on ‘sore’ leg)
Body weight distributed away from lame leg

Question 19

What is indicative of hindlimb lameness on gait analysis?

Answer 19

Pelvis rotates away from lame pelvic limb (hip hikes up when lame leg hits the ground)
Tail up when affected limb hits the ground

Question 20

What gait pattern is more indicative of primary forelimb lameness?

Answer 20

Head bob without forward shift
Head bob persists in walk
No hip hike or changes in stride length of pelvic limb
Off-loading during stance

Question 21

Define: Pace

Answer 21

Two-beat “lateral couplet” symmetrical gait in which ipsilateral limb pairs move in synchrony

Question 22

What are we looking for with long bone palpation on the ortho exam?

Answer 22

Neoplasia
Panosteitis
Fractures/fissures

Question 23

What are we looking for with joint palpation on the ortho exam?

Answer 23

Hyperflexion/extension
Medial/lateral stability

Question 24

What are we looking for with tendon palpation on the ortho exam?

Answer 24

Tears
Pain
Atrophy
Swelling

Question 25

Define: Osteokinematics

Answer 25

Large motion of joint itself (e.g. flexion/extension)

Question 26

Define: Arthrokinematics

Answer 26

Small motion at joint surface (e.g. accessory motion - drawer)

Question 27

What does PROM testing consist of?

Answer 27

End-feel: what is limiting ROM (elastic, bony, capsular, muscle spasm) Goniometry: flexion/extension/abduction/rotation

Question 28

What does PROM determine?

Answer 28

Whether joint ROM is normal Which tissue type restricts ROM Subsequent diagnostic steps

Question 29

Define: Flexibility Testing

Answer 29

Evaluates muscle extensibility and determines which muscle to investigate further

Question 30

What is the difference between PROM and flexibility?

Answer 30

PROM: mm on slack Flexibility: mm stretched