Pregnancy And Development

Question 1

Differenation

Answer 1

One cell becomes trillions = different cell types

Question 2

Development can be broken down into two different segments

Answer 2

Prenatal development

Post natal development

Question 3

Prenatal development

Answer 3

Fertilization = zygote
Uterus 0-8 = embryo
Uterus 9-40 = fetus

Question 4

Postnatal development

Answer 4

Birth > maturity

Question 5

Development

Answer 5

Gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiologic characteristics from conception to maturity.

Question 6

Zygote

Answer 6

1cell

As soon as it becomes 2 cells > blastomere

Question 7

Morula

Answer 7

Solid ball of cells after 3 days of cleavage (diuding)

Question 8

Blastula

Answer 8

Inner cell mass - will feed embryo
Trophoblast - will feed embryo
Hollow
( 2 days only)

Question 9

Implantation

Answer 9

Days 7-10

Ball of cells must borrow into endometrium and plant roots in order to obtain nutrients and 02

Question 10

Gastrulation

Answer 10

Formation of ger in layers (rearrangement of cells)

Question 11

Extra embryonic structures

Answer 11

1) Yolk Sac
2) Amnion
3) Alantois
4) Chorion

Question 12

Yolk Sac

Answer 12

Will be important site of blood formation

Question 13

Amnion

Answer 13

Encloses amniotic fluid that surrounds and cushion embryo

Question 14

Alantois

Answer 14

Gives rise to urinary bladder, accumulates urine from embryo

Question 15

Chorion

Answer 15

Rapid transit system linking embryo trophoblast (provides nutrition to embryo)

Question 16

Place ration

Answer 16

Formation of placenta ( derived from the Chiron) beginning in week 3.
*as the embryo enlarges, it further separates from the uterine wall > umbilical cord begins to form

Question 17

Ectoderm

Answer 17

Nervous System , skin

Question 18

Mesoderm

Answer 18

Circulatory, musculoskeletal, kidneys

Question 19

Endoderm

Answer 19

Digestive structures, lungs

Question 20

Placental Hormones

Answer 20

HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
Released into blood stream after implantation, similar to LH, maintains corpus Luteum until placenta manufactures own progesterone (3-4mos)

Question 21

Umbilical cord contains

Answer 21

1) Allantois
2) Yolk sac
3) Blood Vessels
* One umbilical vein
* Two umbilical arteries

Question 22

Second Trimester

Answer 22

Rapid growth

Question 23

Third Trimester

Answer 23

Fully functional organs

Question 24

Maternal Changes in Pregnancy

Answer 24

1) Increased RR and Tidal Volume
2) Increased Blood Volume by 50% by end of gestation
3) Increased requirement for nutrients and vitamins by 10-30%
4) Increased GFR by 50%
5) Increased size of uterus and mammary glands

Question 25

Paturition

Answer 25

Forcible expulsion of fetus from uterus

Question 26

Labor contractions

Answer 26

1) Fetal growth 2) Fetal release of oxytocin 3) maternal release of oxytocin 4) increased prostaglandin production 5) Labor contractions 6) Positive Feedback

Question 27

1) Dilation stage

Answer 27

1) onset of labor 2) cervix dilates, fetus slides down cervical canal 3) 8+ hrs 4) contraction 1 every 10-30 min 5) amniotic sac may rupture

Question 28

2) Expulsion stage

Answer 28

1) cervix pushed open by fetus 2) fetus emerges from vagina 3) arrival of newborn to word (Birth) * Crowning*

Question 29

For mane oval

Answer 29

Hole between Right and Left atrium

Question 30

Ductus arteroius

Answer 30

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 31

Epiostomy

Answer 31

Incision through perineal musculature if fetus is too large

Question 32

C-Section

Answer 32

Surgical removal of infant through abdominal wall

Question 33

3) Placental Stage

Answer 33

1) Muscle tension builds uterus, uterus decreased in size 2) Contraction = placenta becomes detached from uterine wall 3) Placenta delivered = 1hr within fetus

Question 34

Postnatal Development

Answer 34

1) Neonatal Period > Birth > 1month * Passing through the birth canal squeezes fluid out of lungs * A powerful inhalation is required to fill thoracic with air * Changes in thoracic pressure shift to high pressure L heart > leads to closing of fomeamen ovale and ductus arteriousus (within 48hrs) * Digestive system releases meconium (bile, mucous, epithelial cells) * Infant can't keep warm * Colostrum = mammary glands release - Contain protein, AB, 2-3 days post birth

Question 35

At birth / shortly after

Answer 35

- Foramen ovals closes - Ductus arteriousus becomes ligamentum arteriosum * *Failure of closure = Cardiovascular problems**