Section 3 Taste and Olfaction

Question 1

What taste modalities warn against potential noxious chemicals?

Answer 1

Sour and bitter

Question 2

Which 3 tastes rely on G-protein-coupled receptors?

Answer 2

Sweet, umami and bitter

Question 3

Which taste modaity is T1R2 + T1R3?

Answer 3

Sweet

Question 4

Which taste modality is T1R1 + T1R3

Answer 4

Umami

Question 5

What protein is the same bw the sweet and umami receptors?

Answer 5

T1R3

Question 6

Which taste modality is the T2R family?

Answer 6

Bitter

Question 7

How are different better substances detected?

Answer 7

By diff members of the TR2 family of receptor.

Question 8

Which tastes are type II cells assoc w?

Answer 8

sweet/bitter/umami

Question 9

What NT is released by the sweet, bitter, umami modalities?

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

Through what cells does sodium enter the cells of the tongue?

Answer 10

Amiloride-sensitive channels (depolarizes cell and leads to NT release)

Question 11

How do H ions enter or the sour modality?

Answer 11

Via PKD2L1 ion channels

Question 12

What ions shut down K channels?

Answer 12

H+ ions

Question 13

How can taste be modified?

Answer 13

Leptin: released by fat cells in response to eating to give a sense of satiation, to damp response to sweet tastants OR
Increase levels of endocannabinoids: increase responses to sweet tastants

Question 14

Supertasters:

Answer 14

heightened taste, esp. bitter, more fungiform papilla

Question 15

Are there more men or women super tasters?

Answer 15

women, 35% of women vs 15% of men

Question 16

What do super tasters tend not to like?

Answer 16

green veggies like cabbage and kale

Question 17

How long do taste chemoreceptor cells live?

Answer 17

10 days

Question 18

What do new taste cells differentiate from?

Answer 18

Basal cells near the base of taste bud

Question 19

how does chemo affect taste?

Answer 19

kills all the taste cells and they won’t be replaced until after chemo is stopped

Question 20

Ageusia:

Answer 20

loss of some or all tastants

Question 21

Hypogeusia:

Answer 21

dec sensitivity to some or all tastants

Question 22

Dysgeusia:

Answer 22

distortion of taste of some or all or the perception of taste when stimulant is not there (gustatory hallucination)

Question 23

Gustatory agnosia:

Answer 23

complete

Question 24

Hypergeusia:

Answer 24

inc taste sensitiivity to some or all tastants

Question 25

Adrenal insufficiency is aka:

Answer 25

Addison's disease

Question 26

An example of hyperguesia:

Answer 26

Addison's disease

Question 27

How does adrenal insufficiency lead to a decrease in the threshold for salt taste?

Answer 27

dec secretion of aldosterone, dec renal Na-reabsorption, fall in plasma Na conc, fall in salivary Na, 100 X dec in threshold for salt taste

Question 28

Loss of taste is common reported with:

Answer 28

D-penicillamin, a copper chelator (or other metals, too)

Question 29

What is D-penicillamin used to tx?

Answer 29

cystinuria, scleroderma, RA and pulmonary fibrosis

Question 30

Taste issues most often happen:

Answer 30

after an injury or illness

Question 31

T or F? 3rd molar extraction can lead to tast disorders

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Injury or illnesses that may cause taste disorders:

Answer 32

upper res and middle ear infections, head and neck cancers, chemical exposure (insecticides, some meds, some antibiotics and antihistamines), head injury, surgeries to ear, nose, and throat, poor oral hygiene

Question 33

What taste buds decrease with age?

Answer 33

Fungiform

Question 34

What types of receptors are in the fungiform taste buds?

Answer 34

All 5

Question 35

T or F? Conc of salt required to get the same level of stimulation decreases w age.

Answer 35

F. increases. threshold increases

Question 36

How do afferent officers respond to taste?

Answer 36

some respond more strongly to one taste modality than other fibers.

Question 37

What combine to form the sense in the primary gustatory cortex?

Answer 37

olfactory, somatosensory, and taste input.

Question 38

Secondary taste area:

Answer 38

taste, olfaction, water, oral temp, fat texture, viscoity, grittiness, particulate quality

Question 39

To where do odors bind?

Answer 39

receps on the cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons

Question 40

T or F? Each olfactory receptor neuron expresses many types of olfactory receptors.

Answer 40

F. one type

Question 41

T or F. Some olfactory receptor neurons can be activated by multiple odorants.

Answer 41

T.

Question 42

T or F? One odorant can activate multiple kinds of olfactory receptor neurons

Answer 42

T

Question 43

What does odor identification entail?

Answer 43

different activities of a population of odor receptors

Question 44

Olfactory cell turnover rate:

Answer 44

every 40 days

Question 45

Chemo: lost sense of smell, will return about ___ days after stopping the tx

Answer 45

40

Question 46

What is hyposmia a common sign of?

Answer 46

PD and AZ

Question 47

What can cause anosmia?

Answer 47

PD, AZ, viral infection, concussion, brain trauma

Question 48

loss of the sense of smell:

Answer 48

anosmia

Question 49

Incorrect perception of smell:

Answer 49

parosmia (ie flowers smell like something burnign)

Question 50

Perceiving a fould, rotten smell in the absence of any stimulus:

Answer 50

phantosmia

Question 51

Phatosmia can occur when?

Answer 51

During epiliptic seizure that originates in the medial temporal lobe

Question 52

A seizure originating here can lead to phantosmia:

Answer 52

medial temporal lobe

Question 53

1-7% of Europeans can't detect:

Answer 53

musk

Question 54

What is more marked, the loss of taste or olfaction?

Answer 54

Olfaction

Question 55

What has a bigger impact on taste, olfaction or gustatory input?

Answer 55

olfaction

Question 56

___ kinds of olfactory cells, __ different kinds of glomerulus, all inputs to one glomerulus come from the same class of ______

Answer 56

300, 300, primary receptor cell

Question 57

T or F? Neurons can respond to more than one type of odorant.

Answer 57

T

Question 58

Half of the neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex:

Answer 58

are responsive to only one odor, and the rest to only a few