Section 6 Endochrinology Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
List glands:
A
pineal gland, anterior pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries, placenta
2
Q
Hypothalamus, gland or cell?
A
clusters of neurons
3
Q
Posterior pituitary, gland or cell?
A
Extensions of hypothalamic neurons
4
Q
List all that belong to the peptide class:
A
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary, parathyroid, thymus, heart, liver, stomach and small intestines, pancreas, adipose tissue
5
Q
List those that are steroids/ peptides:
A
testes, ovaries, placenta
6
Q
List those that are peptides/ steroids:
A
kindey
7
Q
List those that are amines:
A
pineal gland, adrenal medulla
8
Q
List those that are steroids:
A
adrenal cortex, skin
9
Q
List those that are iodinated amines/ peptides:
A
thyroid
10
Q
2 sites of hormonal control that feedback to the hypothalamus:
A
Trophic hormone (H2) and Hormone (H3)
11
Q
To where, besides the hypothalamus does Hormone (H3) feedback?
A
anterior pituitary
12
Q
Complex polypeptides are composed of more than:
A
20 aa’s
13
Q
Simple polypeptides are composed of less than:
A
20 aa’s
14
Q
Amino acid derivatives:
A
single amino acid derivatives, iodothyronines
15
Q
Cholesterol derivatives:
A
intact steroid nucleus, Vit D
16
Q
True or False? Both water soluble and water insoluble hormones can be transported in the blood stream.
A
T
17
Q
Water soluble hormones that can be transported via the blood stream:
A
peptides, amino acids
18
Q
Water insoluble hormones that can be transported via the blood stream:
A
iodothyronines, cholesterol derivatives
19
Q
2 types of cholesterol derivatives:
A
specific binding proteins and general binding proteins
20
Q
Give an example of a specific binding protein:
A
thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
21
Q
Give an example of a general binding protein:
A
albumin
22
Q
Which endocrine organ(s) use(s) restricted circulation as its’ delivery method?
A
pituitary gland
23
Q
Which endocrine organ(s) use(s) target cells adjacent to release cells - cell to cell communication as its’ delivery method?
A
Paracrine organs, ie gonads
24
Q
Different methods of response to hormonal action:
A
specific receptors or local activation (inactivation) of hormone
25
What is hormone action dependent upon?
blood concentration, target cell receptors number, hormone-receptor affinity
26
Hormone action affects target cell by changing:
enzyme activity, proteins synthesis, transport, secretion rate
27
Signal transduction mechanisms:
receptor - transducer - amplifier - messenger
28
4 pathways of signal transduction:
cAMP (intracellular), Phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) turnover (Ca++/ proteins kinase C system), steroid action and intracellular receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors
29
3 types of cellular interactions:
permissive interactions, synergistic interactions, and inhibitory interactions
30
Example of permissive interactions?
without the presence of hormone B, hormone A has littler or no effect. Hormone B is said to have permissive action.
31
Explain synergistic action:
The effect of the two hormone together is greater than the sum of the individual effects force each hormone
32
Explain inhibitory interactions:
action of one hormone opposes the action of a second hormone
33
Main components of the thyroid gland:
follicular cells and colloid
34
Colloid is aka:
thyroglobulin
35
What surrounds the follicular cells with the colloid center?
capsule of connective tissue
36
What other type of cell is interspersed with the follicular cells of the thyroid gland?
C cells
37
T(4) is:
Thyroxine
38
T(3) is:
Triiodothyronine
39
T(3) and T(4) are both made from:
Tyrosine
40
Roles of iodide:
transport, peroxidase, iodination
41
Path of iodine in the thyroid gland:
transported from blood, through cell, to the colloid to combine with thyroglobulin (composed of both T3 and T4, right?), which is then transported in vesicles back into the cell for storage
42
Actions of Thyroxine:
T4 vs. T3 vs. rT3, growth and development, metabolic effects, sympathetic nervous system, temperature regulation
43
In which parts of the body does thyroxine play a role in growth and development?
skeletal system and central nervous system
44
Metabolic effects of the thyroxine:
increased basal metabolic rate (plasma membrane Sodium, K+ - ATPase, increased carbohydrate and fat utilization (demand driven), increased protein synthesis (excess leads to degradation)
45
Role of thyroxine in the sympathetic nervous system:
increased sensitivity to catecholamines
46
Pathology of the thyroid gland:
Hyper/ hypothyroid
47
What other issues are related to Hyperthyroidism?
Grave's disease (auto immune); neoplasm or autonomous nodule
48
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
high body temperature, excessive sweating, heat intolerant, weight loss, weakness, high heart rate, atrial arrhythmia's, tremor, nervousness, wide-eyed stare
49
Issues related to hypothyroidism:
Hashimoto's disease (autoimmune; iodine deficiency; ablation; pituitary or hypothalamic deficit; perinatal deficit - cretinism))
50
Symptoms of hypothyroid:
low body temperature, dry skin, cold intolerant, weight gain, puffy appearance, low heart rate, lethargy, sleepiness, lowering of the upper eye-lid, slow speech
51
Master gland:
pituitary gland
52
Ca++/ pH hoemostasis:
parasympatheticthyroid
53
Steroid factory:
adrenal cortex, 10g
54
postganglionic system, extension of sympathetic nervous system:
adrenal medulla
55
glucose homeostasis:
glucocorticoids, norepinephrine and epinephrine
56
Autonomous endocrine gland:
placenta, not controlled by any other tissue
57
End product inhibition:
negative feedback mechanism
58
to get to pituitary:
roof of mouth to extract adenomas, outputting of brains
59
2 tissues of pituitary gland:
anterior and posterior pituitary
60
Projection from hypothalamus
d
61
Posterior pituitary produces:
oxytocin and ADH (Vasopression)
62
Neural lobe (neural hypophesis)
Posterior pituitary
63
endocrine tissue of pituitary gland
anterior pituitary, not neurally derived, 6 hormones
64
synapse:
onto capillary bed, dumping contents here, blood supply drains the hormones that are being released
65
How many types of cells are secreting the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?
5
66
Posterior pituitary produces:
oxytocin and ADH (Vasopression)
67
Neural lobe (neural hypophesis)
Posterior pituitary
68
endocrine tissue of pituitary gland
anterior pituitary, not neurally derived, 6 hormones
69
cell bodies lie here:
hypothalamic nuclei
70
synapse:
onto capillary bed, dumping contents here, blood supply drains the hormones that are being released
71
How many types of cells are secreting the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?
5
72
This hormone, released from the pituitary gland is endorphins:
ACTH
73
What type of gland is the thyroid gland?
permissive
74
functions of epithelial cells around follicular cells:
thyroid hormones, proteins, globulins that are secreted into the colloid
75
Thyroid hormones first enter this space:
colloid space
76
What type of process is used for the release of thyroid hormones?
Double secretion process
77
True or False? Thyroid hormones are lipophilic
T
78
What is thyroid hormone stored?
must be bound, can not easily be stored because it leaks out, bound to glycoprotein in the colloid space
79
Chemical origin of thyroid hormones:
tyrosine, water soluble
80
What is required for biological activity of T3 and T4?
idoine
81
What differs between T3 and T4?
number of iodinated positions
82
T3 has complete biological activity:
F.
83
Which has less biological activity, T3 or T4
T4
84
How can T4 be made morphology active?
Deiodinate to make T3
85
T4 is essentially a:
prohormone
86
Composition of T3:
2 tyrosine + 3 iodine
87
What type of receptors for T3?
nuclear receptor
88
Thyroid hormones are ___-like compounds.
steroid
89
What is necessary to make type hormone?
iodine
90
True or False? We can synthesize iodine.
F.
91
What cells transport iodine?
follicular cells
92
What type of transport for iodide?
Sodium/iodid transporter, ATP required to increase conc of iodine 2-30 times up to 200 times
93
What happens at the same time as iodide transport not the cell?
synethiss of thyroglobuid (major component of colloid), binding protein to keep the constituents from floating away because they are lipophilic
94
From where to where is thyroglobulin secreted?
follicular cell to colloid space
95
What are the branches coming off of thyroglobulin?
tyrosine
96
Where is thyroglobulin iodinated
apical side of follicular cell
97
Pendrin:
transporter to move iodide into the colloid from follicular cell
98
What is required for idode to bind to Thyroblobulin?
Must be reactive enough to couple with tyrosine backbone, done by peroxidase and then iodination (peroxidation, essentially a free radical)
99
How many steps is thyroid peroxidase enzyme involved in?
perixidation, iondination (in presence of thyroid peroxidase), and coupling (stack to tyrosine molecules together)
100
What stimulates the grabbing up of colloid (uptake process of colloid)
pituitary
101
What causes the degradatin of the colloid structure?
fusing with lysosomes (proteases, etc.), indiscriminant digestion
102
Product of the degradation of thyroglobulin:
T1, T2, T3, T4,
103
True or False? T1 and T2 are lipophilic.
F
104
What happens to the T3 and T4 that is broken down from thyroglobulin?
released into circulation via transporters
105
how much more T4 is being released into the circulation than T3
20 times more
106
What enzyme in the tissues can snip off iodine?
deiodinases
107
Functions of in the biosynthesis force thyroid hormone:
TSH stimulates the transporter involved, 10 -250 fold increase of activity
108
TRH release TSH from:
anterior pituitary gland
109
True or False? All the breakdown products of thyroglobulin can be recycled.
T
110
What releases the major hormones for thyrotroph activation?
hypothalamus (TRH into portal circulation)
111
What stimulates the thyroid follicles?
TSh
112
What is inhibitory of thryotroph secretion of TSH?
T3, T4 would bind to thyrotroph and be converted to T3 and then act on thyrotroph
113
Actions of thyroid hormones:
transport via: thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), growth (chondroenic, not directly involved in linear growth), metabolic, sympathetic nervous system, temperature regulation
114
What binds most hormones to transport to the periphery?
albumin
115
What can bind to TBG (specific)?
T3 and T4
116
T3 can alter:
genomic functions
117
What happens to T4 in the periphery?
iodinated to T3
118
IGF1:
involved in linear growth
119
Dental connection
Tooth eruption
120
In utero, if mom is iodide deficient:
can result in demyeleniatoin that leads to retardation and cretinism
121
True or False? The effects of iodide deficiency is reversible after birth
T
122
Metabolic effects of thyroid hormones:
accelearated starvation, Vo2 increase, more fuel demand,, transport more across GI tract
123
What can happen in hyperthyroidism?
the system becomes catabolic, extreme starvation, loss of u to 50% of proteins stores
124
What muscles are affect most in hyperthyroidism?
quads, metabolic breakdown of tissues
125
How can you increase heart rate and blood pressure in an animal?
postsynaptic effect, permissive effect of thyroid hormones on therapy heart, increased beta receptors density (thyroid hormones maintain these), release of norepinephrine from sympathetic terminal to there heart, greater response in heart rate and contractility
126
Overload of thyroid hormones leads to an increase in:
increase in beta receptors
127
hashimotos's thyroiditis:
destruction of the thyroid gland
128
No idodie in diet leads to:
low thyroid hormone release, normal negative feedback system is not there, primarily colloid production will be unregulated. If stimulation is larger and strong enough you will have an increase in the size of the thyroid
129
Graves disease;
TSI's, autoimmune process that attacks thyroid gland, binds follicles and turns them on permanently, follicles are in overdrive, iodinating,etc. You are making active thyroid hormone, primary driver is some autoimmune process. Pumping out T3 and T4 which will have their effects, intense feedback on anterior pituitary and shut down of the hypothalamus.
130
Both Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease lead to:
goiter, enlarged thyroid
