Section 5

Question 1

Treatment for COPD:

Answer 1

Vit D, Artificial lung transplant, or specific antioxidant gene therapy

Question 2

Disease that increases lung compliance:

Answer 2

emphysema

Question 3

T or F? An anemic patient will have a increased Ca(O2).

Answer 3

F. decreased (check)

Question 4

Hemoglobin binds:

Answer 4

CO2, O2, NO, and CO (check)

Question 5

Factors affecting the flow rate of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane:

Answer 5

s.a., partial pressure difference of that gas across the membrane, thickness of membrane, and diffusion constant of the specific gas

Question 6

If the V(T) of breathing increases than for a constant, how will the alveolar ventilation affected?

Answer 6

it decreases

Question 7

Is the airway resistance for a person with emphysema greater or less than a healthy individual?

Answer 7

increased (greater)

Question 8

Can a spriometer measure FRC?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What does a spriometer measure?

Answer 9

lung volumes

Question 10

What factors change in a person with pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 10

vital capacity and compliance both decrease, diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar/capilllary membrane decreases, respiratory rate is increased in order to maintain normal alveolar ventilation, expired ventilation must increase to maintain normal alveolar ventilation

Question 11

Factors that help facilitate the unloading of O2:

Answer 11

decrease in pH, increase in P(VCO2), decrease in tissue P(O2)

Question 12

Factors that reduce Pa(CO2):

Answer 12

PA(CO2) decreases, patient has fibrosis, baby is born before 32 weeks gestation

Question 13

Why does the diffusion capacity of the lung decrease in a person with emphsema?

Answer 13

s.a. of alveoli decreases, number of capillaries decreases, alveolar ventilation decreases

Question 14

In a patient with a physiological shunt in the lung:

Answer 14

there may be obstruction in the lung and/or the V(A)/Q ratio will be less than 1

Question 15

Where would hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction most likely occur?

Answer 15

near the summit of Mt. Everest without supplemental oxygen

Question 16

How is blood redirected in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

Answer 16

to better ventilate portions of the lung if it occurs locally in only small portions of the lung

Question 17

What will a pulmonary embolism cause?

Answer 17

increase in alveolar dead space, the V(A)/Q ratio increases in the affected portion of the lung, and a decrease in total pulmonary blood flow

Question 18

How does the EPP move if the airway resistance increases in dynamic airway compression?

Answer 18

the EPP moves towards the alveoli

Question 19

Neutronsmitter of the parasympathetic system:

Answer 19

AcH

Question 20

How to treat CO poisoning:

Answer 20

hyperbaric chamber

Question 21

What causes constriction of the smooth muscle in the conducting zone airways?

Answer 21

the release of AcH from parasympathetic neurons

Question 22

True or False? A decrease in alveolar CO2 will decrease airway resistance.

Answer 22

F

Question 23

Factors that will decrease airway resistance:

Answer 23

increase in altitude, tracheostomy, inhalation of bronchodilator, or increasing lung volume

Question 24

Facts about surfactants:

Answer 24

produced by alveolar type II cells, decreases surface tension in the alveoli, allows equal inflation of small and larger alveoli, composed of phospholipids and proteins

Question 25

Factors increasing the pulmonary vascular resistance in a patient with emphysema:

Answer 25

number of pulmonary capillaries decreases, P(AO2) decreases, an increased FRC compresses the pulmonary capillaries

Question 26

What controls ventilation by regulating the H+ concentration of the CSF?

Answer 26

P(aCO2)

Question 27

A decrease in what will cause a decrease in P(aCO2)?

Answer 27

P(ACO2)

Question 28

Airflow in the large airways is:

Answer 28

turbulent

Question 29

What muscles must contract at the end of a maximal inspiration with the glottis open?

Answer 29

internal intercostal muscles

Question 30

Organize the following from greatest to least: P(IO2), P(vO2), P (AO2)

Answer 30

P(IO2) > P (AO2) > P(vO2)

Question 31

Why does the diffusing capacity of the lung decrease in a patient with emphysema?

Answer 31

because the surface area of the alveoli decreases

Question 32

Factors that facilitate the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin:

Answer 32

increase in phospholipid, decrease in P(VCO2), decrease in tissue P(O2)

Question 33

will increase blood flow (perfusion) through the lung?

Answer 33

decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), increase in the arterial to venous pressure gradient (∆P), and an increase in cardiac output..

Question 34

What is altered in a patient with emphysema?

Answer 34

RV increases because of an increase in lung compliance AND RV increases due to flow limitation that causes air trapping.

Question 35

How will a person whose spinal cord is severed (cut) at the level of T7 be affected?

Answer 35

decreased ability to cough

Question 36

Why is the P(AO2) less than the P(IO2) (inspired partial pressure of oxygen)?

Answer 36

water vapor pressure increases during inspiration AND oxygen is constantly diffusing into the pulmonary capillaries

Question 37

When would P(aO2) be less than normal?

Answer 37

if alveolar dead space increases

Question 38

How can the ventilation/ percussion ratio of the lung be increased?

Answer 38

decreasing alveolar dead space, increasing the amount of extra pulmonary shunt, and moving from the lying down to standing position

Question 39

Where does most diffusion across the alveolar capillary membrane occur at rest?

Answer 39

within the first not third of the pulmonary capillary

Question 40

What increases during exercise due to the recruitment of pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 40

D(LO2)

Question 41

True or False? The D(LO2) is greater in a newborn than an adult.

Answer 41

F

Question 42

How will the D(LO2) be affected if the P(IO2) increases?

Answer 42

it will increase

Question 43

True or False? If a patient has a lung removed, their D(LO2) will increase.

Answer 43

F. decrease

Question 44

What is the partial pressure of the O2 in the systemic veins is a normal individual?

Answer 44

40 mmHg

Question 45

What is the partial pressure is a person exercising?

Answer 45

less than 40 mmHg

Question 46

What is the partial pressure of a person with cyanide poisoning?

Answer 46

greater than 40mmHg (histotoxic hypoxia- prevent use of oxygen by the cells)

Question 47

Factors that will increase the O2 carrying capacity of hemoglobin in the arterial blood:

Answer 47

increase in the P(O2), decrease in the P(CO2), decrease in the concentration of H+, decrease in temperature

Question 48

Does the amount of dissolved CO2 increase or decrease as blood moves through the systemic capillaries?

Answer 48

increases

Question 49

Does the amount of H (bCO2) increase or decrease as blood moves through the systemic capillaries?

Answer 49

increase

Question 50

Affects of increasing the P(IO2) in a patient with emphysema:

Answer 50

decrease in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, increase in the P(aO2), increase in the D(LO2), decrease in the thickness of the alveolar/ capillary membrane

Question 51

How are pulmonary capillaries affected during exercise?

Answer 51

greater recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

Question 52

What returns to normal after weeks at a high altitude?

Answer 52

the Ca(O2) returns to normal

Question 53

Function of erythropoietin:

Answer 53

increase the number of red blood cells

Question 54

Where is most of the oxyhemoglobin formed?

Answer 54

in the pulmonary capillaries

Question 55

Does blood phospholipid decrease or increase as it moves through systemic capillaries?

Answer 55

decrease (the capillaries decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen)

Question 56

What % of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

Answer 56

2%

Question 57

When is the pressure of the chest wall equal and opposite to the pressure of the lung?

Answer 57

at FRC and the end of expiration

Question 58

Does an individual who is breathing an I(IO2) of 50% at sea level have a high or low P(AO2)?

Answer 58

very high

Question 59

Relationship between air flow and blood flow when a person is standing:

Answer 59

The top of the lung has a greater air flow than blood flow

Question 60

What cells secrete surfactant?

Answer 60

Type II cells

Question 61

T or F? Surfactant causes surface tension in an alveolus to decrease as its size increases.

Answer 61

F. T or F? Surfactant causes surface tension in an alveolus to increase as its size decreases.

Question 62

True or False? The diaphragm is an expiratory muscle.

Answer 62

F

Question 63

True or False? The external intercostal muscle is an expiratory muscle.

Answer 63

F.

Question 64

Factors that will increase residual volume:

Answer 64

increase minimum volume of lung, decrease in chest wall compliance, or increase in chest wall resting volume

Question 65

In which airways is airflow turbulent?

Answer 65

the large