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Physiology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

These increase neuronal surface for synaptic contact:

A

dendrites

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2
Q

Where do afferent axons synapse in CNS?

A

nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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3
Q

T or F? Input to neurons in the CNS is always excitatory.

A

F. either

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4
Q

Small protrusions off of dendrites:

A

spine

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5
Q

Is the shaft synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

either

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6
Q

Is the spine synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

only excitatory

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7
Q

Is the somatic synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

mainly inhibitory

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8
Q

Is the axoaxonic synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

inhibitory

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9
Q

This type of synapse is prevalent in CNS during development - less so in adult CNS:

A

Electrical

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10
Q

This type of synapse is the only mode of transmission bw cardia and smooth muscle cells:

A

electrical

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11
Q

What are electrical synapses found in mature neurons?

A

in interneuronal connections

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12
Q

The synaptic efficacy of this/these type(s) of synapse can be modulated;

A

chemical

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13
Q

A molecule must be under ____ Daltons to pass through a GAP jucntion:

A

1000

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14
Q

Coupling bw cell connected via GAP junctions is both:

A

electrical and metabolic

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15
Q

T or F? The CNS ECM in the synaptic clefts.

A

F. No ECM

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16
Q

Which are narrower, clefts of the NMJ or clefts of the CNS synapse?

A

CNS synapse (no ECM)

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17
Q

Which has a greater postsynaptic density, excitatory or inhibitor bouton?

A

excitatory

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18
Q

What anchors transmitter receptor and intracellular signaling machinery in excitatory synapse?

A

prominent postsynaptic density

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19
Q

This type of vesicle recycling is involved in high frequency firing:

A

Kiss-and-run fusion

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20
Q

2 types of vesicle recycling:

A

Kiss-and-run and fusion and collapse

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21
Q

Step in competence maturation of fusion vesicles:

A

docked, primed, cocked, armed

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22
Q

What is required for vesicle docking?

A

Ca binds to receptor and changes conformation

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23
Q

What is the fusion event mediated by?

A

snare proteins

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24
Q

This snare protein is on the vesicle membrane:

A

V-snare

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25
This snare protein is on the target membrane:
T snare
26
These are targets of botulinum:
SNARE proteins
27
V-snare:
synaptobrevin
28
T-snare:
syntaxin and SNAP-25
29
Calcium sensor:
synaptotagmin
30
T or F? Once a vesicle is armed it can go either pathway, Kiss-and-run or fusion and collapse.
T
31
This type of vesicle recycling has a readily releasable pool:
Kiss-and-Run
32
What happens if SNARE proteins encounter botulin toxin?
fusion and exocytosis is prevented, blocking transmission
33
T or F? The whole vesicle is collapsed in both Kiss-and-run and fusion and collapse.
F. Not in Kiss-and-run
34
2 major classes of ion channels:
voltage and ion gated
35
Where does neurotransmitter bind in order for a channel to open?
to a receptor on the ion channel
36
Are "fast neurotransmitters" used with ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, or either?
ligand-gated
37
Are "slow neurotransmitters" used with ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, or either?
either
38
This type of neurotransmitter mediates synaptic transmission:
"fast neurotransmitters"
39
This type of neurotransmitter modulates synaptic transmission:
"slow neurotransmitters"
40
Do GPCRs act with "slow neurotransmitters" or "fast neurotransmitters?"
"slow neurotransmitters"
41
T or F? Ligand-gated ion channels are metabotropic.
F Ionotropic
42
Are GPCRs ionotropic or metabotropic?
metabotropic
43
What does the G-protein bind to once activated?
effector protein
44
This type of neurotransmitter can trigger a 2nd msg pathway and regulate phosphorylation:
"slow neurotransmitter"
45
2 major families of ligand-gated channels:
1. Glutamate receptors | 2. GABA (inhibitory - CNS), ACh, Glycine (check)
46
Where are both the ligand binding domain and the C terminal located with ACh, GABA, and glycine receptors?
extracellularly
47
Where is the C terminal located in glutamate receptors?
intracellularly
48
How many subunits do GABA, ACh, and Glycine have?
5 subunits, each w/ 4 trans domains
49
How many subunits do glutamate receptors have?
4 subunits, each w/ 3 transmembrane domains
50
How many binding sites does the glutamate receptors have?
2, N terminal and 3rd and 4th exc loop
51
Where is the C terminal of the glutamate channel located?
intracellularly
52
What helps anchor the glutamate receptor, providing stability and mobility of the receptors?
proteins at postsynaptic site
53
Major NT in the CNS for excitation:
glutamate
54
Major NT at the NMJ:
ACh
55
What ends the action of NT(glutamate) in the CNS?
reuptake by terminals glial cells
56
Glutamatergic receptor types:
AMPA and NMDA (agonists)
57
T or F? AMPA and NMDA are both antagonists.
F. agonists
58
AMPA
1. permeable to Na and K | 2. EPSP
59
NMDA
- permeable to Na, K and Ca - complicated IC signaling - EPSP - blocked by Mg
60
Mg removal:
via depolarization
61
NMDA activation:
- presynaptic activation (release T) | - postsynaptic activation (remove Mg)
62
glutamate receptors
- ionotropic: AMPAR and NMDAR, have intrinsic channels | - metabotropic: g-coupled
63
AMPAR:
fast transmission
64
NMDAR:
- coincidence detector - regulate synaptic plasticity - key player in learning
65
glycine:
- co-agonist for NMDA to open channel fully | - increase conductance
66
PCP:
- antagonist for NMDA receptor | - binding site
67
Hebb's rule:
learning and memory depend on neurons modifications
68
excitotoxicity:
excessive inflow of Ca through NMDAR channels
69
glutamate pathway:
released -> bind at postsynaptic -> channels activated -> Na/K flux -> uptaken by excitatory AA transporters on glial cells -> becomes glutamine -> back to nerve terminal -> conversion
70
EAAT:
uptakes 90% of glutamate
71
GABA:
inhibitory in CNS
72
GABA:
termination reuptake by terminals and glial cells
73
glycinergic receptors
- postsynaptic in spinal cord and brain | - antagonist
74
GABAergic receptors
- postsynaptic in brain - ionotropic - antagonist
75
antagonist
block inhibitory signal -> potential very - -> hyperpolarization
76
GABA receptors binding sites
- for GABA - for steroids: modulators - for barbiturates: anesthetics
77
glutamate receptors location (AMPAR, NMDAR)
- postsynaptic densities | - dendritic spines and shafts (distal)
78
GABA receptors location
- soma (AP trigger zone) - proximal dendrites - limited inhibitory transmission so better location
79
EPSP
due to Na influx
80
IPSP
due to Cl influx
81
motoneuron
- 1 cell body with many dendrites - dendrites serve as input segments - 1 axon = 1 output
82
motoneuron synapse distribution
- 80% on dendrites | - 20% on cell body
83
divergence of motoneuron axon branches
governed by size of motor unit
84
glutamergic input
excitatory
85
GABAergic input
inhibitory
86
ACh release
- excitatory | - control of contraction
87
Patella tendon reflex pathway
- stretch stimulus -> stretch receptor in extensor muscle -> afferent activated -> excitatory monosynaptic and inhibitory disynaptic activated
88
excitatory monosynaptic
- extensor contraction stimulated - release glutamate - EPSP, stimulate dorsal root
89
inhibitory disynaptic
- flexor contraction prevented - interneuron innervates motorneuron - release glycine - IPSP, stimulate posterior root
90
5 subunit ligand-gated channel
- NAChR, GABA R - inhibitory in CNS - each subunit = 4 TM - C terminal is EC
91
4 subunit ligand-gated channel
- glutamate R - excitatory - 3 TM with IC loop - C terminal is IC

Physiology (55 decks)

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