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Physiology > Section 5 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Section 5 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In this type of lung disease, both the FEV1 and FVC are reduced so the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or even increased

A

restrictive

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2
Q

in this type of lung disease the FEV1 /F CV ratio is reduced:

A

obstructive lung disease

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3
Q

All restrictive lung diseases result in:

A

decreased TLC, increased work of breathing, inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation and decreased FVC (restrict lung expansion)

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4
Q

Affect of the respiratory system on prostoglandins:

A

turns off

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5
Q

Affect of respiratory system on angiotensin II:

A

turns it on

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6
Q

inflammation of the pleural sac:

A

pleurisy

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7
Q

Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude?

A

decrease

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8
Q

Intra-alveoloar pressure is aka:

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure is aka:

A

intrathoracic pressure

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10
Q

What is the intraplural/ thoracic pressure?

A

756 mm Hg

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11
Q

What 2 pressures push against intrapleural pressure?

A

atmospheric and intra-alveolar

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12
Q

Which gradient will be destroyed with a pneumothorax?

A

transmural

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13
Q

The diaphragm is responsible for __% of enlargement of thoracic cavity during inspiration.

A

75%

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14
Q

What 2 pressures are equal before inspiration/

A

intra-alveolar p. = atm. p.

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15
Q

Contraction of external intercostals enlarges cavity in what direction(s)?

A

lateral and AP (elevate ribs when contracting)]

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16
Q

True or False? Alveolar pressure is positive during inhalation and negative during expiration.

A

F. vice versa

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17
Q

What ensures that lungs will be fully expanded?

A

intrapleural pressure

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18
Q

Range of pressure in lungs during ventilation:

A

759 - 761 mm Hg

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19
Q

During forceful expiration, ___ pressure exceeds ___ pressure

A

intrapleural, atmospheric pressure (intra-alveolar increases too)

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20
Q

driving pressure is proportional to:

A

square of flow (V2)

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21
Q

What type of infections are patients with chronic bronchitis prone to?

A

bacterial

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22
Q

True or False? Airway lining thicken with chronic bronchitis.

A

T

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23
Q

Most common chronic childhood disease:

A

asthma

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24
Q

What can cause edema in asthmatic kids?

A

histamine

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25
True or False? The breakdown of alveolar walls in emphysema is reversible.
F. irreversible
26
What causes the breakdown of alveolar walls in emphysema?
excessive trypsin from alveolar macrophages as defense against cigarette smoke irritants (lungs normally protected by α1-antitrypsin, but can be overwhelmed) OR genetic inability to produce α1-antitrypsin
27
Do asthma and emphysema start in small or large airways ?
small
28
Frictional resistance in airways accounts for __ % total R in the way to the alveoli.
80
29
Frictional resistance of the ______ makes up 20% total R on the way to the alveoli.
lungs and chest wall
30
Amount of air that gets to alveoli depends on:
muscle strength, airway resistance, elasticity/ compliance, and inertence (energy to set the system in motion)
31
Normal compliance is:
200 cm/ml H2O
32
This is a measure of the amount of change in volume for a given transmural pressure:
compliance
33
Why is compliance different for expiration/inspiration?
b/c of surfactant – hysteresis
34
How is static compliance measured?
without airflow
35
How does surfactant lower surface tension at the molecular level?
because water-surfactant attraction is not as strong as water-water
36
True or False? Surfactant reduces lung’s tendency to recoil
T
37
What does the inward-directed collapsing pressure of the alveolus depend upon?
2 times the surface tension divided by the radius of the alveolus
38
____ airways are more likely to collapse than ____ ones
smaller, larger
39
Why is surfactant more effective at lowering surface tension in smaller airways?
less spread out
40
Which are easier to stretch, saline-filled or air-filled lungs?
saline-filled
41
__% of total energy expended by body goes to breathing
3-5%, can increase 50-fold in exercise
42
How are intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures affected by tidal volume increase?
intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures decrease in direct proportion
43
Normal FEV1/ FVC %:
greater than 70%
44
What factors are normal restrictive lung diseases?
flow and resistance
45
What factors are decreased in restrictive lung diseases?
vital capacity, FEV1, and FVC
46
Causes of restrictive lung diseases:
leasions, obesity, pregnancy, ascite, interstitial lung disease
47
Lung volumes below ___% of predicted values are considered restrictive lung diseases.
80%
48
Can cause lung volumes to be smaller than predicted:
fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis (both increased elastic recoil) and pleural effusion (lung compression)
49
How does increased surface area affect DLCO?
reduces it
50
measurement of dissolved tensions of CO2 and O2 as well as pH of sample of arterial blood:
Arterial blood gas determination (ABGs)
51
How much can the respiratory (minute) ventilation increase with exercise?
25 times (to 150 L/min)
52
How many ml is used for gas exchange?
350ml
53
Can alveolar ventilation increase or decrease if respiratory ventilation remains the same?
Yes, breath slowly and deeply: alveolar ventilation increases; breath shallowly and rapidly: alveolar ventilation decreases
54
What prevents fluctuation in alveolar gas tensions with each tidal breath?
reservoir of gas ‘stored’ within alveoli
55
easy to fill lungs, hard to empty:
obstructive lung disease
56
most efficient way to increase alveolar ventilation:
Increase tidal volume
57
True or False? Increase respiratory rate and alveolar ventilation increases.
T
58
How is dead space affected with an increase in respiratory rate?
dead space increases
59
physiologic dead space calculation:
sum of anatomical & alveolar dead space
60
Is pleural pressure more negative at top or bottom of the lungs?
top
61
True or False? The larger alveoli are at the bottom of the lungs.
F. Top
62
Where is there a greater distending pressure for alveoli?
at top of lungs
63
Which regions of lung are better perfused, upper or lower?
lower
64
Why is the upper lungs less perfused than lower?
gravity, hydrostatic pressure gradient of 30 cm water
65
Pressure gradient in which a patient has hemorrhaged (BP, intravascular volume are low):
Alveolar > arterial, not in healthy patient
66
Pressure gradient for flow driven by difference between arterial/alveolar pressure; primary area of distension, recruitment of vessels during exercise:
arterial > alveolar > vein
67
In which zone does continuous forward flow through distended vessels occur?
Zone 3
68
What zone is this? Flow driven by difference between arterial/alveolar pressure; primary area of distension, recruitment of vessels during exercise
Zone 2
69
With airways obstruction, will FRC increase or decrease?
increase (premature airway closure)
70
What causes pulmonary edema?
left heart failure
71
Which form of oxygen in the blood is responsible for partial pressure?
dissolved
72
This is often given given post-surgery to boost blood oxygen content:
EPO
73
volumes percent of oxygen in blood:
20
74
What affect will blood doping have on blood viscosity?
increases it (increasing resistance)
75
Factors that would lead to a decreased P50:
decreased temperature, decreases CO2 pressure, decreased 2,3-DPG, increased pH
76
Does a decreased P50 correspond with an increased or decreased affinity?
increased
77
What shape is the CO2 dissociation curve/
linear
78
True or False? Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind the same site.
F. high oxygen reduces affinity
79
Parasympathetic affect on the lungs:
airway constriction, blood vessels dilation, glandular secretion
80
Does nonadrenergic noncholinergic activation lead to realization or stimulation?
stimulation
81
Does nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory activation lead to relaxation or stimulation?
relaxation
82
In which direction will the Hb curve shift with a decrease in pH?
Right
83
True or False? Oxygen and CO2 bind the same site of hemoglobin.
F.

Physiology (55 decks)

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