Section 6 Exam Review 2 Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
Cortisol has permissive effects on:
A
glucagon
2
Q
When does cortisol secretion peak?
A
between early morning and noon
3
Q
Cross-over effects are sometimes seen between:
A
steroid hormones
4
Q
True or False? All the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland play a major role in growth and metabolism.
A
F
5
Q
Pendrin is an anion transporter important in the production of:
A
thyroid hormone
6
Q
Name an effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue:
A
increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
7
Q
Iodine accumulation in thyroid cells involves symport with:
A
sodium
8
Q
Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood will cause:
A
acromegaly
9
Q
Somatostatin is another name for:
A
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
10
Q
Mature, less active bones:
A
osteocytes
11
Q
Functions of PTH:
A
stimulate osteoclast activity, increases the rate of calcium absorption, decreases the rate of calcium excretion, raises the level of calcium ion in the blood
12
Q
Excess growth hormone prior to puberty:
A
giantism
13
Q
Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone:
A
calcitriol
14
Q
Functions of cortisol:
A
suppress the immune system and influence brain function
15
Q
What are ACTH and MSH called?
A
melanocortins
16
Q
Effect of hyperthroidism on protein in body?
A
increases protein catabolism
17
Q
What does growth hormone bind?
A
plasma protein
18
Q
PTH is:
A
a peptide and dissolved in plasma
19
Q
Vitamin D is another name for:
A
calcitriol
20
Q
Vitamin D is formed by:
A
sunlight
21
Q
True or False? Vitamin D is bound to plasma protein for transport.
A
T
22
Q
What disease results in hypercortisolism?
A
Cushing’s disease
23
Q
What disease results in hyperthroidism?
A
Grave’s disease
24
Q
What disease involves endocrine stimulation by antibodies?
A
Grave’s disease
25
Some symptoms of this disease mimic diabetes mellitus:
Cushing's disease
26
This disease is associated with overactive osteoclasts:
Paget's disease
27
Calcitonin may be the appropriate treatment for this disease:
Paget's disease
28
This may be an autoimmune disease:
Addison's disease
29
This disease may result from adrenal tumor:
Cushing's disease
30
This disease may result from a pituitary tumor:
Cushing's disease
31
This is associated with Grave's disease:
exophthalmus (abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs)
32
This can be caused by growth hormone deficiency in childhood:
dwarfism
33
This is caused by growth hormone excess in adulthood:
acromegaly
34
This can lead to mental retardation associated with infantile hypothyroidism:
cretinism
35
This condition results from excess androgens in females:
adrenogenital syndrome
36
Hunchback appearance associated with osteoporosis:
kyphosis
37
Puffy appearance associated with hypothyroidism:
myxedema
38
Easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism:
moon face
39
Caused by elevation of TSH:
Goiter
40
The most importance metabolic effect of ___ is protecting against ___, crucial to surviving significant stress.
cortisol, hypoglycemia
41
What produce and store thyroid hormone?
thyroid follicles
42
____ is a result folicular deficient thyroid hormone secretion in infancy.
cretinism
43
What does calcium phosphate form in bone?
crystals of hydroxyapetite
44
Into what system is CRH released?
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
45
Breakdown products of POMC:
ACTH, MSH and endorphins
46
Growth hormone stimulates secretion of what from the liver and other tissues?
insulin-like growth factor
47
True or False? Growth hormone has a positive feedback effect on growth hormone secretion.
F. negative
48
4 factors that affect normal body growth:
growth hormone and other hormones, adequate diet, absence of stress, genetic
49
4 physiological functions of calcium:
signalling molecule, helps hold cells together at tight junction, cofactor in coagulation cascade, excitability of neurons
50
2 endocrine cell types that make up the thyroid gland:
c cells and follicle cells
51
C cells secrete ___, while follicle cells secrete ___-.
calcitonin, thyroid hormones
52
What would damage to the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex result in?
decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose
53
A rise in cortisol would lead to:
Inc liver glucose and glycogen synthesis, higher fatty acids levels in blood, immune suppression
54
Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by:
elevated levels of sex hormones
55
What effect will late start to puberty have on a boy?
probably be taller than if started sooner
56
Example of the permissive effect:
cortisol is required for glucagon to have its full effects, can't adequately perform its role in glucose regulation and death results
57
How does cortisol suppress the immune system?
it prevents cytokine release and antibody production by WBC's and decreases WBC mobility and migration (antibiotics-inflammatory and antibiotics-rejection drug for transplants)
58
True or False? Cortisol strengthens the skeleton.
F. weakens
59
How is the adrenal cortex affected during cortisol therapy?
it atrophies
60
Difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia:
increase in cells size vs. increase in cell number
61
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia are both regulated by:
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and insulin
62
3 causes of hypercoticolism:
adrenal tumor (primary), pituitary tumor (secondary), and iatrogenic
63
How does cortisol help protect against hypoglycemia?
via its catabolic effects
64
effects of cortisol:
gluconeogenesis, muscle protein breakdown, increased lipolysis, immune suppression, negative calcium balance, alteration of cerebral functions, and bone loss
65
Give an example of the permissive effect in children.
thyroid hormone is needed for full expression of growth hormone
66
List the trophic hormones:
FLAT
67
True or False? Endocrine cells are found in the posterior pituitary gland.
F. Anterior
68
Are the trophic producing cells part of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland?
anterior
69
Which releasing hormones have effects on more than one target?
TRH (TSH and prolactin) and GnRH (FSH and LH)
70
The renal actions of ADH are mediated by these receptors:
V(2) receptors, increase cAMP
71
How does ADH effect urea levels in the kidney?
increase urea reabsorption
72
Vascular effect of ADH are mediated by this receptor:
V(1) receptor (PIP(2) system)
73
How does ADH affect capillary and venue pressures?
decreases both
74
The osmoreptors in the kidney have ___ connections to the ________ nucleus.
neural, suproptic
75
Where are the stretch receptors located that sense high pressure?
carotid sinus and aortic arch
76
Where are the receptors located that sense low pressure?
cardiopulmonary, atria and thoracic veins
77
Which is sensed earlier, changes in plasma volume or osmolarity?
osmolarity
78
Lack of ADH leads to this disease:
diabetes insipidus
79
Excess ADH leads to this disease:
SIADH: Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
80
ACTH is aka:
endorphins
81
What is reticular activating substance involved in?
slep/wake cycle
82
What is the thalamus involved in?
pain
83
Functions of ACTH on the adrenal gland:
stimulate growth and function of gland
84
What hormone has inhibitory action on Tyrotropin?
Somatostatin
85
Which is involved in estrogen and progesterone synthesis, LH or FSH?
LH
86
Which is involved in follicular ovulation, LH or FSH?
LH
87
Which is involved in follicular growth, LH or FSH?
FSH
88
Effect of growth hormone on progesterone levels:
increases
89
Effect of progesterone on somatotrophs:
decreases the size and number of
90
Effect of progesterone on mammotrophs:
increases the size and number of
91
Prolactin inhibiting factor is aka:
GAP: GnRH Associated Peptide
92
True or False? Prolactin is involved in the up regulation of menstrual functions.
F. suppressed menstrual functions
93
The positive feedback loop involving oxytocin is continued as a result of
cervical stretch when baby pushes against cervix as a result of uterine contractions
94
How is ADH controlled?
osmoreceptors and volumes/ pressure receptors
95
Thyroxine is involved in the growth and development of what body systems/
CNS and skeletal system
96
True or False? Thyroxine is involved in temperature regulation.
T
97
True or False? Both Grave's disease and Hashimoto's disease are autoimmune diseases.
T
98
Are thyrotrophs found in the anterior or posterior pituitary gland/
anterior
99
What does T4 and T3 negatively feedback to in the thyroid axis control?
Thyrotroph
100
7 steps in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones:
transport, Peroxidation (TPO), iodination (TPO), coupling, (TPO), reabsorption, proteolysis, secretion
101
How many steps in the biodynthsis of thyroid hormones is TPO involved in?
3; peroxidation, iodination, coupling
102
Functions of thyroid hormones:
transport, growth, metabolism, sympathetic nervous system, temperature regulation
103
How do thyroid hormones function in transported[orthodontic?
TBG (thyroxine binding gobulin) and Albumin
104
These can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland:
thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
105
True or False? T3 and T4 have a strong negative feedback to the hypothalamus in hypothyroidism.
F. Strong negative feedback to hypothalamus in Grave's disease
106
Pendrin:
transports iodine into colloid
107
Does iodine get oxidized or reduced in the colloid?
oxidized, i- to i zero
108
Are a or b cells at the center of the islet?
beta
109
Insulin secretion:
plasma glucose increases, transported in via GLUT2 channels, oxidized to ATP, ATP closes K+ channel, cell depolarizes, voltage-sensitive calcium channel opens, calcium triggers the release of insulin
110
Pathway in which PKA increases the secretion of insulin:
adenylate cyclase/ glucagon receptor, ATP, to cAMP, to PKA
111
What type of adrenergic receptor is in the beta cell?
alpha-2-adrenergic receptor
112
What enzyme is used to make ADP + P from ATP in the beta cells?
Glucokinase
113
All weak androgens and glucocorticoids are synthesized from either:
pregnenolone or progesterone
114
The formation of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and weak androgens all start with the conversion of cholesterol to ___, via this enzyme:
pregnenolone, CSCC
115
Name 2 weak androgens:
DHEA and androstenedione
116
Aldosynthase converts what to what?
corticosterone to aldosterone
117
Which hormone is involved in long-loop negative feedback?
cortisol, on CRH and ACTH
118
2 factors that alter CRH release:
circadian rhythm and stress
119
True or False? Cortisol leads to protein anabolism.
F. catabolism (immune system suppression, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis as well)
120
Extrahepatitc actions of glucocorticoids:
Break down protein from muscle and break down fat
121
Hepatic actions of glucocorticoids:
Synthesize glucose and glycogen
122
True or False? Glucocorticoids decreases sensitivity to insulin.
T
123
True or False? Glucocorticoids lead to an increase in liver glycogen storage.
T
124
How do glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis in the liver?
increase activity and amount of enzymes
125
True or False? Glucocorticoids lead to an increase in glucose sensitivity in adipose tissue.
F. decrease
126
True or False? epinephrine/ norepinephrine increase glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
T
127
Do epinephrine and norepinephrine both inhibit insulin release?
yes
128
What is the rate limiting step in the formation of pregnenelone?
cholesterol side chain cleavage (CSCC)
129
Main component of zona fasciculata and zona reticulata
cortisol, then corticosterone
130
Which group controls secretion, the renin-angiotensin system "RAS"?
mineralocorticoids
131
True or False? Aldosterone is involved in K+ excretion.
T, Na channel on luminal side, na/K ATPase on basal
132
What type of feedback control is there in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
negative feedback
133
What hormone is involved in tissue integrity?
cortisol
134
Effect of cortisol on CNS:
decrease sensory acuity and promote sense of well being
135
Effect of cortisol on cardiovascular system:
decrease vascular permeability, helps maintain catecholamine effect on vasoconstriction and contractility
136
Effect of cortisol on kidney:
to concentrate urine
137
Effect of cortisol on GI tract:
increase acid secretion, inhibit calcium reabsorption
138
Effect of cortisol on bone:
increase resorption
139
Effect of excess cortisol on connective tissue:
decreases collagen synthesis
140
Excess glucocorticoids:
obesity, "moon face" (pie face), loss of bone mass, striations, muscle weakness
141
What causes Addison's disease?
lack of both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
142
Symptoms of Addison's disease:
life threatening, loss appetite, malaise, lethargy
143
What is the adrenal medulla innervated by?
splanchnic nerves
144
Embryologic origin of the medulla:
neuroectodermal
145
Function of B-receptors:
increase cAMP (epinephrine>norepinephrine)
146
metabolic effects of B-receptors:
glycogenolysis, lipolysis, release of glucagon, calorigenisis
147
Cardiovascular effects of B-receptors:
increase heart rate and contractility, vascular dilation, u relaxation
148
alpha-receptors functions:
alpha-1: PIP(2) turnover, alpha-2: decrease cAMP epinephrine and norepinephrine bind equally well
149
metabolic effects of alpha-receptors:
decreased insulin secretion, increased glucagon and glucose release
150
Cardiovascular effects of alpha-receptors:
vasoconstriction
151
What is pheochromocytoma?
Causes excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leads to: hypertension, palpitations, late skin, headache, and anxiety
152
What negatively feeds back to the anterior pituitary gland in the growth and development pathway?
insulin-like growth factors
153
This food substrate up regulates the release of growth hormone while this one down regulates the release.
protein, carbohydrates
154
True or False? Growth hormone up regulates lypogenesis.
F. lipolysis
155
4 hormones related to growth:
thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens
156
Causes of retarded growth:
nutritional, excess cortisol, thyroxin deficient, precocious puberty, growth hormone responsive dwarfism, or growth hormone insensitive dwarfism
157
What type of growth are IGF's involved in?
whole body growth
158
IGF-1 is aka:
Somatomedin-C
159
Function of IGF-1:
stimulate differentiation and proliferation
160
True or False? Thyroid hormones are involved in both neural and skeletal development.
T
161
True or False? Glucocorticoids are involved in growth, but not growth inhibition.
F. Vice versa
162
How do glucocorticoids exert their effects on a target tissue?
via direct action
163
This hormone has synergistic actions with growth hormone at target tissue:
androgens
164
Adrogens stimulate:
release of growth hormone, epiphyseal plate maturation, and muscle growth
165
True or False? Estrogens promote somatic cell growth.
F. inhibit somatic cell growth
166
Effect of estrogen on somatomedin C levels:
decreases somatomedin C levels
167
Effect of estrogen on growth hormone secretion:
increases growth hormone secretions
168
Intracellular functions of Ca:
contraction, motility, secretion, nerve function, growth, and differentiation
169
Extracelluar functions of Ca:
cell adhesion, aggregation of platelets, membrane integrity, blood coagulation
170
Functions of PO4:
cytosolic and blood pH buffer, energy exchange, component of membranes and nucleic acids, activation/inactivation of enzymes by kinases/phosphatases
171
14% of the PO4 in the body is here:
sequestered in the intracellular fluid
172
Extracellular fluid levels of Ca2+ and PO4:
0.1% Ca2+ and 0.03% of PO4
173
How are Ca and P stored?
in mito as crystal: Ca(3)(PO4)2
174
Where is most calcium reabsorbed?
duodenum
175
Calcium reabsorption is mediated by:
CaBP
176
PO(4) is reabsorbed most here:
jejunum, linear with diet
177
Bulk reabsorpion of calcium occurs here and regulated reabsorption occurs here:
poximal tubule, distal tubule
178
What % of the filtered load of PO(4) is reabsorbed in the poximal tubule?
90%
179
Reabsorption of PO(4) in the poximal tubule is ___ dependent.
Na+
180
Where is PTH synthesized?
chief cells of parathyroid gland (84 amino acids)
181
Action of PTH on the kidney:
increases reabsorption of Ca2+ and decreases PO(4) reabsorption
182
Where does PTH help in the formation of Vitamin D?
kidney, promotes formation of 1,25(OH)2
183
C cells are aka:
parafollicular cells, 32 amino acids
184
Action of calcitonin on kidney:
increase excretion of both Ca and P
185
True or False? Calcitonin has potent pharmacological actions.
T
186
The reaction of this converting to this requires sunlight.
7-dehyrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
187
__ occurs in the liver to make Vitamin D.
hydroxylation, not regulated, vitamin D3 levels reflect dietary intake
188
Describe the biological activity and half life of 25(OH)-Vitamin D3:
weak biological activity, long half life (15 days)
189
True or False? 25(OH)-Vitamin D3 is the active form of Vitamin D.
F. activated in the kidney to 1,25(OH)-Vitamin D3
190
High plasma levels of what will increase the formation of 24, 25(OH)- Vitamin D3?
PO(4) or 1,25(OH)2
191
Function of 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3:
increases calcium and PO(4) absorption in gut
192
Function of 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 in gut is inhibited by:
glucocorticoids
193
Osteoblasts secrete:
collagen, alkalin phosphatase, and other proteins and amorphous CaPO(4) to form osteoid
194
What is osteoid:
cartilage-like material, calcium salts can precipitate
195
Osteoblasts arise from osteoprogenitor cells in:
marrow, periosteum, or periodontal ligament
196
There are inactive osteoblasts:
surface cells
197
What are surface cells connected to?
osteocytes via gap junctions
198
What do surface cells separate?
bone fluid from plasma
199
Where do osetocytes reside?
bone interior, in lacuna connected via cannuliculi
200
Osteocytes arise from:
encapsulated osteoblasts
201
True or False? Osteocytes destroy bone matrix.
F. They mobilize Ca and P from immature CaPO(4) crystals by osteolysis without destruction
202
From what cells do osteoclasts arise?
monocytes/ macrophages
203
True or False? Osteoclasts are mononucleated.
F. multinucleated
204
How do osteoclasts resorb bone?
secretion of acid hydrolases, acidification of resorbing surfaces
205
How are osteoblast and osteoclast activity coupled?
various paracrine factors scubas PGE(2), secreted cytokines, and factors from osteoid degradation
206
True or False? Calcitonin and Vitamin D both lead to the absorption of Ca and P from the plasma.
F. Calcitonin does, vitamin d leads to release of Ca and P into the plasma
207
Where are PTH receptors found?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
208
What signals for the formation of new osteoclasts?
paracrine release of factors from osteoblasts.
209
How are osteoblasts activated?
release of factors (from degraded osteoid?)
210
Where are calcitonin receptors found?
osteoclasts
211
How does decreased activity of active osteoclasts affect osteoblasts via coupling?
decreases osteoblastic activity leading to decreased bone turnover
212
Are Vitamin D receptors found on osteoblasts, osteocytes, or osteoclasts?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
213
True or False? Vitamin D directly activates osteoclasts.
F. indirectly, like PTH
214
Actions of Vitamin D:
direct: permissive action, indirect: positive systemic Ca2+ and PO(4) balance
215
Do glucocorticoids decrease bone formation and degradation via direct or indirect actions?
both
216
What does prolonged exposure of glucocorticoids lead to?
osteoporosis
217
What sex steroids help maintain bone mass?
testosterone and estradiol
218
PTH acts to reabsorb Ca here and P here:
Distal tubule, poximal tubule (with Na)
219
Body locations on which PTH acts:
Kidney, bone, and intestines
220
Osteocytes around encapsulated ____.
osteoblasts
221
True or False? PTH and Vitamin D have receptors on the same cells types.
T
222
Aromatase is involved in the conversion of:
androgens to estrogens
223
True or False? PTH and Vitamin D have receptors on the same cells types.
T
224
All amino acid derived hormones are derived from:
tyrosine
225
Primary source of calcitonin:
thyroid
226
Primary source of melatonin:
pineal gland
227
Primary source of melatonin:
pineal gland
228
A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone:
trophic hormone
229
Primary pathologies arise in the _____ endocrine gland in a reflex.
last
230
What is a secondary pathology?
a problem with one of the tissues producing trophic hormones
231
What type of hormone triggers an increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane?
peptide hormones
232
What happens to a hormone after it exerts its effects?
inactivated or remove from blood
233
Difference between hormones and cytokines:
hormones are made in advance and stored
234
In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the:
sensor and the integrating center
235
Which produce a faster response, hormones acting through signal transduction pathways or those that produce genomic effects?
signal transduction pathways
236
2 ways hormones affect their target:
2nd messenger systems activated by peptide hormones modify existing proteins or activate gene transcription to make new proteins. Steroid hormones activate gene transcription to make new proteins and some steroid have nongenomic responses
237
Example of synergistic hormones:
epinephrine potentiates the effects folicular glucagon in elevating blood glucose levels
238
Example of permissive effect involving reproductive hormones:
reproductive hormones, along with adequate thyroid hormone have a permissive effect on the reproductive system birth control both are required for normal development
239
Example of antagonistic hormones:
glucagon and insulin
240
Benefit to portal system:
ensures direct delivery of hormone to target cell, hormone not diluted by passing through generation circulation, smaller amounts necessary
241
True or False? The hypophyseal portal system is the only endocrine portal systems.
T
242
The hormones from the posterior pituitary gland are secreted as:
neurohormones
