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CNS Neurotransmitters Lec05 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the small molecule NT? *

A
  1. ach.
  2. amino acids – glutamate, gaba, glycine
  3. biogenic amines – dopamine, norepinephrine, serontonin
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2
Q

what are the amiunoacid NT?

A

gaba, gluamate, glycine

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3
Q

what are the biogenic amine NT?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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4
Q

how many different neuropeptides are there

A

more than 100 different peptides

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5
Q

neuropeptides are typically ___ amino acids long

A

3-36

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6
Q

what are the two major classes of NT?

A

small moelcule and neuropetides

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7
Q

The concentration of neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft is tightly controlled via regulation of:

A

synthesis, packaging, release, and removal

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8
Q

where are small moelcule NT made?

A

presynaptic terminal

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9
Q

how are small NT packaged into vesicles?

A

by specific transport proteins in the vesicle membrane

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10
Q

where are neuropeptide NT made and packaged?

A

within the cell body

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11
Q

how are vesicles of enruopeptides transported to the nerve terminal?

A

via fast axonal transport

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12
Q

___ neurotransmitters can respond very rapidly?

A

small molecule

are right there in the synaptic terminal to respond quickly

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13
Q

___ neurotransmitter release must be carefully regulated to prevent depletion.

A

neuropeptide

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14
Q

ionotropic receptors are ____ gated ion channels that open in response to ligand bonding

A

ligand gated

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15
Q

how many subunits do ionotropic chanels contain? how many transmembrane domains does each subunit contain?

A

5 subunits; 3-4 transmembrane domains

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16
Q

how is diversity established with ionotropic NT?

A

muleiple subunits are assembled in different orders

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17
Q

metabotropic coupled receptors activate ___ in response to ligand binding

A

g-proteins

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18
Q

activated G-proteins modulate ion channels either

A

directly or indirectly

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19
Q

how many transmembrane domains does each monmeric metabotropic receptor have?

A

7 transmembrane domains

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20
Q

what are the functions of acetylcholine in the CNS?

A

Attention, arousal, reward plasticity.
Enhances sensory functions upon waking

memory

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21
Q

Damage to cholinergic system is associated with the ___

A

memory defecits in AD

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22
Q

where is acetylcholien found in the peripheral NS?

A

NMJ

synapses in ganglia of the visceral motor system

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23
Q

how is AcH synthesized?

A

enzymatically in nerve terminal from acetyl-CoA and
choline

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24
Q

how is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

via cleavage to acetate and choline by acetylcholinesterase

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25
after degradation, how is more acetylcholine made?
**_choline_** is taken up by nerve terminal via a specific transporter and is used to synthesize more Ach
26
how are Organophosphates such as some insecticides and nerve gas hamrful to humans?
inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing ACh to accumulate at cholinergic synapses.
27
what is the result of organophasopates (nerve gases and insectisides) causing acetylcholine build up at the NMJ?
causes muscle paralysis
28
\_\_\_ ach receptors mediate most acetylcholine effects in the brain?
metabotropic
29
scopolamine and atropine are
metabotropic achetylcholine anatagonists
30
what are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
31
with myasthenia gravis, patients have antibodies against
nicotinic acetylcholien receptors
32
how is the structure of the NMJ altered in myasthenia gravis
1. dec concentration of acetylcholine receptors in postsynpatic membrane 2. sparse and shallow junctional folds 3. expanded synaptic cleft
33
size of ___ and ___ is reduced with myasthenia gravis
mini endplate potentials and endplate potentials
34
with myasthenai gravis, what is different during repeated stimualtion
the compound AP will be decreased in size (fatigue)
35
the probability of what is reduced with myasthenia gravis?
that a presynaptic AP will elicit a postsynatpci actioin potential
36
what does the tx of mysathenia gravis include?
cholinersterase inhbiitors thyemactomy corticoseteroids immunosuppressants
37
\_\_\_\_ is the most prominent NT for normal brain function
glutamate (more than half of all brain synapses use glutamate)
38
\_\_\_\_ has been shown to slowglutamate reuptake --\> raising potential for neuroexoticity
oxygen depirvation
39
why is glutamine important?
glutamate cannot cross blood brain barrier, but glutamine can
40
how and where is gltuamate synthesized?
in the nerve terminal from 1. glutamine 2. the transamination of a-ketoglutarate
41
how is glutamate removed from the synaptic cleft?
by high affinity glutamate transporters on both the nerve terminal and nearby glial cells
42
what do glial cells do with gltuamate sucked up from the synaptic cleft?
glutamate is converted into glutamine and then transported out of the cell and back into nerve terminals
43
\_\_\_ binding is required to open NMDA channel
glycine
44
\_\_ ions can pass through NMDA channels
ca
45
Gaba is widely used where
1. **in the brain** -- 1/3 of all brain synapses use gaba 2. in **local interneurons and purkinje cells** of **cerebellum**
46
where is **_glyceine_** mostly used?
in the synapses in the spinal cord
47
how is gaba synthesize?
in nerve terminals from glutamate
48
what is needed for gaba to be made from glutamate?
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) derived from vitamin B6
49
how is gaba removed from the synaptic cleft?
by specific transporters on nerve terminals and nearby glia
50
decreased gaba function can cause
epilepsy
51
how is glyceine synthesized?
in nerve terminals from serine
52
how is glycine removed from the synaptic cleft
by specific transporters on nerve terminals and nearby glia
53
how can there be excess glycine? what can thise cause
defects in the glycine transporter can cause excessive glycine excess glycine --\> neonatal disease characterized by lethargy and mental retardation
54
strychnine is a
glyceine receptor anatognist
55
what are the effects of strychine
blocks gaba ionotropic receptors --\> leads to overacitity int he spinal cord and brainstem --\> seizures
56
where are the biogenic amines made
in nerve terminals
57
what packages the biogenic amines
vesicualr monoamine transporter (VMAT)
58
how are the biogenic amines removed from the synaptic cleft
reuptake into nerve terminals
59
what types of receptors do the biogenic amines ahve?
- have metabotropic - serotonin has ionotropic as well
60
how is dopamine made?
tyrospine --\> dopa ---\> dopamine
61
how is norepinephrine made?
tyrospine --\> dopa ---\> dopamine --\> norepinephrine
62
how is epinephtrine made?
tyrospine --\> dopa ---\> dopamine --\> norepinephrine --\> epinpeinphrine
63
80% of brain dopamine found in \_\_\_
corpus striatum (which receives major input from the substantia nigra)
64
midbrain dopamine system projections from the
ventral tegmental area to ventral parts of the striatum
65
what is the midbrain dopamien system invovled in
motivation, reward, reinforcement
66
what are doipamine projections tot he cortex involved in
emotional behavior
67
norepinephrine neurons from the locus coerelus project to
forebriana nd brainstem targets
68
what is the major transmitter of the sympathetic motor system
norepinehprine
69
catehcolimine receptors are all
metabotropic
70
anatagonists of ___ receptors in the medulla are sued as antiemtics
dopamine
71
dopamine receptors act by
activiating or inhbiitng adenyl cyclase
72
dopamine blocks dopamine transports causing
a net increase in release of doapmine
73
ampohetamine inhbiits both dopamine and norepeinphrine causing a
net increase in release of dopamine and norepinephrine
74
raphe nuclei in the upper brainstem project to
forebrain and also to the brainstem
75
how is serotonin transported back into the nerve terminal
by specific serotonin transporter or (SERT)
76
metabotropic recpeotrs of serotonin are involved in
emotions, circadian rhtyms, motor behaviors, mental arousal
77
activation of ___ mediates satiety and decreased food consumption
metabotropic serotonergic receptors
78
MAO inhbiitors block the breakdown of
biogenic amines
79
tricyclic antidperessants block the reuptake of
norepeinhprine and serotonin
80
peptide NT are implicated in modulating
emotions, perceptions of pain, and repsonses to stress
81
how are neuropeptides made?
synthesized as pre-propetides in the er in the cell body
82
what are peptide nt sometimes co released with
small molecule NT
83
how are neuropeptides degraded in the synaptic cleft
1. removed by peptidases which degrade them 2. degraded to more activ epeptides by endopeptidases
84
metabotropic receptors of peptide NT are activated at ___ peptide concnetrations
relatively low
85
morphine binds to the same receptors are
opoiud peptides
86
which NT have just iontropic receptors
glyceine
87
what are the main functions of dopamine
coordiantion of body movement, movtivation, reward reinforcement emotional behavior
88
what can cause a neonatal disease characterized by lethargy and mental retardation?
excess glycine

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