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From Flashcardlet > 19.6.2013(path-inflammation,endocrine)42 > Flashcards

19.6.2013(path-inflammation,endocrine)42 Flashcards

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0
Q

Arterioles are affected in which type of increased vascular permeability response

A

Immediate sustained response

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1
Q

Immediate transient response cause

A

Endothelial contraction of VENULES alone

It is reversible

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2
Q

Immediate sustained response is caused by

A

Toxins
Burns
Chemicals
Causing endothelial necrosis

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3
Q

Reversible delayed prolonged response is caused by

A

Cytokines
Hypoxia
Due to cytoskeleton reorganisation

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4
Q

Leukocyte mediated endothelial injury affects

A

Venules

Pulmonary and glomerular capillaries

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5
Q

Delayed prolonged leakage is caused by

A

Thermal and radiation injury

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6
Q

First change in inflammation

A

Vasoconstriction

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7
Q

Commonest mechanism for increased vascular permeability

A

Immediate transient response

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8
Q

___________ are responsible for rolling

A

Selectins

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9
Q

CD marker of selectins

A

CD62

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10
Q

Types of selectins

A 
E selectin(endothelial)
L selectin(leukocytes)
P selectin(platelet and endothelial cells)
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11
Q

E and P selectin interacts with

A

Sialyl Lewis X receptor on leukocyte

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12
Q

L selectin interacts with

A

CD34
GlyCAM1(glycoprotein cell adhesion molecule)
MadCAM1

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13
Q

Hallmark of acute cytokine mediated inflammation

A

Endothelial expression of E selectin

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14
Q

Homing of T lymphocytes to lymphnodes is mediated by

A

L selectin

Attach to HEV(high endothelial venules)

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15
Q

P selectin in endothelium is stored in

A

Weibel palade bodies

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16
Q

__________ mediate adhesion

A

Integrins

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17
Q

Types of integrins

A 
Beta1 integrins (VLA) bind to VCAM
Beta 2 integrins (LFA1,Mac1) bind to ICAM
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18
Q

Cause of LAD1

A

Defect in CD18 required for synthesis of beta 2 chain of LFA1 and MAC1

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19
Q

Features of LAD1

A

Persistent Leukocytosis

Delayed falling of umbilical stump

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20
Q

Cause of LAD2

A

Absence of sialyl Lewis X due to defect in fucosyl transferase

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21
Q

LAD2 is also known as

A

congenital disorder of glycosylation IIC

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22
Q

LAD2 is associated with

A

Bombay blood group

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23
Q

LAD3 is caused due to

A

Mutation in FERMT3 gene

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24
LAD3 is associated with
Petechial hemorrhages
25
ICAM 1 binds to
CD11/CD18
26
PECAM
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule | CD31
27
VCAM1 binds to
VLA4 | LPAM1
28
Most important molecule for diapedesis
PECAM1
29
Leukocyte diapedesis occurs through
Venules In lungs,it occurs through capillaries
30
Chemotactins
Exogenous: bacterial products Endogenous: C5a,LTB4,IL-8
31
Actin regulating proteins
Filamin Gelsolin Profilin Calmodulin
32
Opsonins
``` C3b Fc portion of IgG Fibrinogen Mannose binding lectin C reactive protein ```
33
Human cells are not phagocytosed by mannose receptors because
The mannose residues have terminal sialic acid or N acetyl galactosamine
34
Phagocytosis requires
Polymerisation of actin filaments
35
Pinocytosis is mediated by
Clathrin coated pits
36
Gene for lysosomal trafficking
LYST
37
Chediak higashi syndrome,mode of inheritance
Autosomal recessive
38
Chediak higashi syndrome,features
``` Albinism Neutropenia Nerve defects Nystagmus Bleeding disorders Decreased NK cell responsiveness ```
39
Quantitative test to assess respiratory burst
Cytochrome C reduction assay
40
Tests to detect CGD
Nitroblue tetrazolium test Dihydrorhodamine test Cytochrome C reduction assay
41
Oxygen Independant killing
``` Lysozyme Lactoferrin MBP(against parasites) Defensins Bacterial permiability increasing protein Cathelicidins ```
42
Cathelicidin production is stimulated by
VitD
43
Cathelicidins are protective against
M.tuberculosis
44
Effect of histamine on blood vessels
Vasodilation | but vasoconstriction of large arteries
45
Richest source of serotonins
Platelets
46
Primary granules of neutrophils
Azurophilic granules Highly destructive Secreted only by high level of agonists
47
Major antiproteases in body
Alpha 1 anti trypsin | Alpha 2 macroglobulin
48
Tertiary granules of neutrophils
C particles | Contain acid hydrolase,gelatinase
49
Secondary granules of neutrophils are also known as
Specific granules
50
Preformed mediators
Histamine Serotonin Lysosomal granules
51
iNOS is present in
Macrophages
52
Most important cytokine for systemic effects of inflammation
IL1
53
Anti inflammatory factors
``` IL-10 TGF beta(most important fibrogenic agent) PUFA derivatives Resolvins Protectins Lipoxins ```
54
First product of COX pathway
1. PGG2 | 2. PGH2
55
Prostaglandin that increases mucus production
PGD2
56
Role of PGD2,PGE2,PGF2 alpha
Pain Fever Increased permeability
57
First product of lipoxygenase pathway
LTA4
58
Constitutive COX enzyme
COX 1 | COX 2 is constitutive in endothelium,kidney,CNS
59
Vasoconstrictor prostaglandins
TXA2 | PGF2 alpha
60
Lipoxins are produced by action of
15 LOX on arachidonic acid Or 12 LOX on LTA4
61
LTB4 is chemotactic for
T lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes Mast cells
62
SRS-A are Chemotactic for
T lymphocytes | Eosinophils
63
Effect of SRS-A
Bronchoconstriction Increases vascular permeability Increased mucus secretion
64
Effect of lipoxins
Inhibits neutrophils and NK cells Activates monocytes and macrophages Powerful coronary vasoconstrictor
65
Products of epoxygenase pathway
``` EET(epoxyeicosatrienoic acid) Anti inflammatory,anti apoptotic,pro angiogenic Vasodilation and natriuretic HETE(hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) Vasoconstriction of renal arteries Implicated in HT ```
66
Arachidonic acid pathways
COX LOX P450 epoxygenase Isoeicosanoid pathway(isoprostanes)
67
Types of chemokines
Alpha(CXC) Beta(CC) Gamma(C) CX3C
68
Alpha chemokines
Neutrophil chemoattractant | e.g., IL-8
69
Beta chemokines
Attract all leukocytes except neutrophils MCP1(monocytes) RANTES(regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted) Eotaxin
70
Gamma chemokines
Selective for lymphocytes Lymphotactin Attract T cell precursors to thymus
71
CX3C chemokines
Chemotactic for monocytes and T cells | Fractalkine
72
Number of complement proteins
20
73
Most abundant component of complement pathway
C3 It's activation is critical step
74
Factor C3b inactivated by
Factors H and I
75
Recognition unit of C1
C1q
76
Element required for classical complement pathway
Mg
77
Activators of alternative pathway
Bacterial endotoxins IgD,IgA Cobra venom Nephritis factor
78
Inhibitor of C567
S protein
79
Absence of C5 to C8 results in
Gram negative diplococci sepsis | Toxoplasmosis
80
Factor that increases dissociation of C3 convertase
DAF (decay accelerating factor) CD55
81
Inhibitor of formation of MAC
CD59 | Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis
82
Inhibitors of alternative pathway
Factor H and I | CD46
83
Deficiency of C1,C2,C4 leads to
SLE | connective tissue disorders
84
Deficiency of C3b and C3b inactivator
Recurrent pyogenic infections
85
Deficiency of inhibitors of alternative pathway components
Non epidemic HUS
86
Most common complement deficiency
C2
87
C2 deficiency leads to
Streptococcal septicaemia | Lupus like syndrome in children
88
Site clotting factor synthesis
All factors are synthesised in liver except Von wilibrand factor and calcium
89
Cause of bleeding in haemophilia?
Thrombin is needed for activation of factor IX and XI | And to activate TAFI(thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor)
90
Kallikrein converts
Plasminogen to plasmin Kininogen to kinin Activation of complement protein C5a
91
Prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein by
Activated factor 12
92
Clotting factor deficiency that results in prothrombotic state
Factor XII
93
Morphological patterns of inflammation
Serous Fibrinous Catarrhal(most common) Purulent
94
Macrophages in placenta
Hoffbauer cells
95
Macrophages in spleen
Littoral cells
96
Macrophages in kidney
Mesangial cells
97
Macrophages in synovium
Type A lining cells
98
Types of activated macrophages
M1 Classically activated(secrete IL-1,IL-12) | M2 alternatively activated(secrete anti inflammatory factors)
99
Touton giant cells are seen in
Xanthomas Fat necrosis Xanthogranulomatous inflammation Dermatofibroma
100
Wound healing | Appearance of continuous thin epithelial layer
Day 2
101
Granulation tissue
Fibroblasts Small blood vessels Chronic inflammatory cells
102
Wound healing | Appearance of granulation tissue
Day 3
103
Wound healing | Day 5
Neovascularisation is maximum | Full epithelial thickness with surfaces keratinisation
104
Wound healing | 1 month
Replacement of type 3 collagen by type 1 collagen
105
Cell responsible for scar contraction
Myofibroblast
106
Wound strength
10% after 1 week | 70% at the end of 3rd month
107
Element needed for MMP action
Zn
108
Diff btw keloid and hypertrophic scar
``` Hypertrophic scar Confined to margins Occurs within 4 weeks of trauma Keloid Occurs 3 months after injury ```
109
Sites of keloid
Sternum(most common) Ear lobe Face Neck
110
Totipotent cell
Embryo
111
Oligopotent cell
Neuron stem cell
112
Uni/mono potent cells
Spermatogonial stem cells
113
Multi potent stem cells
HSC
114
Stem cells forming hepatocytes and biliary cells
Oval cells | Found in canals of hering
115
Stem cells forming myocytes
Satellite cells | Found in basal lamina of myotubules
116
Stem cells of cornea
Limbus cells found in canals of schlemm
117
Stem cells of brain are located in
Dentate gyrus of hippocampus
118
$ Antioxidant enzymes
Catalase SOD glutathione peroxidase
119
Nephrocalcinosis in Granulomatous lesions is due to
Increased production of 1,25 dihydroxy vitD
120
Cells that can produce calcitriol
``` Macrophages Keratinocytes Breast Prostate Colon ``` Increased activity of CYP27B in mitochondria
121
MMPs that cleave basement membrane
MMP2 | MMP8
122
$ antibody dependant and Independant pathway converge on
C3
123
Infections associated with granuloma formation
``` TB Leprosy Syphilis Cat scratch Mycotic infections Yersinia Lymphogranuloma inguinale ```
124
Occupational diseases causing granuloma
Berylliosis | Byssinosis
125
$ interleukin secreted by macrophages stimulating lymphocytes
IL-1
126
In SIRS interleukins are produced by
``` Neutrophils Macrophages Monocytes Lymphocytes Platelets Endothelial cells Fibroblasts Stromal cells ```
127
$ Endogenous pyrogens
``` IL-1 TNF alpha IL-6 Ciliary neurotrophic factor IFN-alpha ```
128
Chemical that elevates hypothalamic temperature set point
PGE2
129
Interleukin that activates eosinophils
IL-5
130
Interleukin that stimulates TH2 pathway
IL-4
131
Caseous necrosis is caused by
Histoplasmosis | Tuberculosis
132
Causes of absolute lymphocytosis
``` Bacterial infections TB brucellosis Pertussis Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Thyrotoxicosis ```
133
Necrotising granulomas
``` Wegener Churg Strauss TB cat scratch disease Syphilis ```
134
Giant cells are uncommon in which granuloma
Cat scratch disease
135
Cryoprecipitate contains
``` Fibrinogen Fibronectin Factor VIII Factor XIII vWF ```
136
Chemotactic factors
``` TNF Chemokines Bacterial products IL-8 C5a LTB4 ```
137
Increased vascular permeability is caused by
``` PAF substance P Bradykinin C3a and C5a LTC4,D4,E4 Vasoactive amines ```
138
$ Eosinophils secrete
ECF MBP reactive form of O2
139
Substance with dual action in inflammation
NO
140
Liver regeneration
Autocrine effect of TGF alpha | Paracrine effect of HGF and IL-6
141
Cells of pancreas
``` Beta cells(insulin,amylin) Alpha cells(glucagon) Delta cells(somatostatin) PP cells(pancreatic polypeptide,VIP) ```
142
HLA in DM1
HLADR3 | HLADR4 with DQ8 phenotype
143
Viral infections associated with DM1
Mumps Rubella CMV Coxsackie
144
Hyperglycaemic adipokines
Resistin
145
Anti hyperglycaemic adipokines
Leptin | Adiponectin
146
Presence of islet amyloid protein is indicative of
DM2
147
Retinopathy in diabetes
Protein kinase C mediated VEGF induced neovascularisation
148
Hyaline arteriosclerosis in diabetes affects
Afferent and efferent arterioles
149
Accelerated atherogenesis in DM is because of
Nonenzymatic glycosylation of type 1 collagen
150
Cause of diabetic nephropathy
Cross linking of type 4 collagen by glycosylation
151
Types of retinal exudates
Soft(micro infarcts) | Hard(deposits of plasma proteins and lipids)
152
Rx of diabetic gastroparesis
Metoclopramide | Erythromycin
153
Honeymoon period
Asymptomatic Period in diabetes due to beta cell reserve
154
Earliest and most consistent feature of hyperthyroidism
Cardiac manifestations
155
Other name for myxedema
Gull disease
156
HLA in Hashimoto thyroiditis
HLA-DR5 | HLA-DR3
157
Syndromes associated with Hashimoto
Down | Turner
158
Polymorphisms associated with Hashimoto
CTLA-4(cytotoxic lymphocyte associated antigen) | PTPN-22(protein tyrosine phosphatase)
159
Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis Self limiting Transient thyrotoxicosis Abscence of Hurthle cells and fibrosis
160
HLA in de quervain thyroiditis
HLA B5
161
Antibodies in Hashimoto thyroiditis
anti-TSH receptor antibodies anti-thyroglobulin antibodies anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies
162
Antibodies in graves disease
TSI/LATS TGI(thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulin) TBII(TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin)
163
Cause of paradoxical hypothyroidism in graves disease
TBII
164
HLA in graves disease
HLA B8 | HLA DR3
165
Diff btw pap ca and graves disease
Absence of fibrovascular core in papilla in graves

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