21.6.2013(path-neoplasia)44 Flashcards
(142 cards)
0
Q
Cell cycle molecules that are constitutively expressed
A
cdk
Cyclins are secreted only during specific phases of cell cycle
1
Q
Shifting of tumor cell metabolism from mitochondria to glycolysis
A
Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis
2
Q
Order of appearance of Cyclins and cdk
A
CyclinD/cdk4
CyclinE/cdk2
CyclinA/cdk2
CyclinB/cdk1
3
Q
Moleculular on-off switch of cell cycle
A
Phosphorylation of RB by cyclinD/cdk4 complex
4
Q
Role of RB
A
In dephosphorylated state RB binds to transcription factor E2F
5
Q
Mediator that propels the cell beyond prophase
A
CyclinB/Cdk1
6
Q
Complex involved in G1/S transition
A
CyclinE/cdk2
7
Q
Complex involved in G2/M transition
A
CyclinB/cdk1
8
Q
Cell cycle check points
A
Cip/kip family(inhibits cyclinD/cdk4) p21,p27,p57 INK4/ARF(inhibitor of kinase 4,alternative reading frame) p16INK4a(inhibits cdk4) p14ARF(prevents p53 degradation)
9
Q
The cip/kip family protein produced by p53
A
p21
10
Q
Sensors of DNA damage
A
RAD family
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated(ATM)
CHK kinase(transducers)
11
Q
Mechanism of cip/kip family proteins
A
Inhibits cyclinD/cdk4 complex
12
Q
Arrest of cell cycle at G1/S checkpoint
A
P53 mediated(via p21) mechanism
13
Q
Arrest of cell cycle at G2/M transition
A
p53 dependant(cyclinA/cdk2) p53 Independant(via cdc25)
14
Q
DNA repair mechanism defect that is autosomal dominant
A
HNPCC
15
Q
Defect in mantle cell lymphoma
A
Cyclin D translocation
16
Q
Defect in burkitt lymphoma
A
C-myc translocation
17
Q
N-myc amplification is seen in
A
Neuroblastoma
Small cell carcinoma of lung
18
Q
Kit mutation
A
GIST
19
Q
Mutation in PDGF receptors
A
Glioma
20
Q
K-RAS mutation
A
Colon
Pancreas
Lung
21
Q
Hepatocyte growth factor over expression is seen in which cancer
A
Thyroid
22
Q
Mutations in hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma
A
Beta catenin
23
Q
Single most common abnormality of dominant oncogenes in human tumors
A
RAS point mutation
24
Example of GTPase activating proteins(GAP)
Neurofibromin
25
H RAS mutation
Bladder ca
| Kidney ca
26
N RAS mutation
Melanoma
| AML
27
L-MYC mutation
Small cell Lung cancer
28
Mutations in RET oncogene
LOF(Hirschprung)
| GOF(MEN2A/2B)
29
KLF6 mutation
Prostate cancer
30
Carcinoma male breast
BRCA2
31
RB mutation
Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
Ca breast,colon,lung
32
mutation in FAP
APC/B catenin
33
Mutation in malignant melanomas
p16INK4a
34
Apoptotic gene activated by p53
BAX
35
DNA repair gene activated by p53
GADD45
36
Mech of carcinogenesis of HPV
Inactivation of p53 by its E6 protein
37
Members of p53 family
p73(big brother)
| p63 essential for differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia
38
Defect in follicular lymphoma
t(14;18)
| Over expression of BCL-2
39
Defect in nucleotide excision repair
Xeroderma pigmentosum
40
Defect in mismatch repair
HNPCC
41
Defect in recombination repair
Bloom
Ataxia telangiectasia
Fanconi
42
Factors that promotes metastasis
Ezrin
43
Factors that inhibit metastasis
KAI-1
KiSS
NM23
44
Angiogenesis promoted by
VEGF
| bFGF
45
Angiogenesis inhibited by
Angiostatin
Endostatin
Tumstatin
46
Mutations in colon cancer
```
APC(normal epithelium to hyperproliferative type)
K RAS(early adenoma to intermediate adenoma)
Loss of smad2 and 4(intermediate adenoma to late adenoma)
p53(late adenoma to carcinoma)
```
47
Ezrin mutation in
Rhabdomyosarcoma
| Osteosarcoma
48
Mutation in KiSS
malignant melanomas
49
Mutation in NM23 and KAI-1
Prostate cancer
50
Chemical tests of carcinogenesis
Ames test(salmonella typhimurium)
Will grow in histidine free medium if mutated
51
Cancers caused by arsenic
Skin
| Lung
52
Cancers caused by tobacco
Upper aero digestive tract
| Bladder
53
Cancers caused by phenacetin
Renal pelvis
| Bladder
54
Cancer caused by schistosomiasis
Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
55
Cancers caused by alcohol
Liver
Esophagus
Head and neck
56
Cancers caused by oral contraceptives
Bladder
| Cervical cancer
57
Carcinogen causing AML
Benzene
58
Cancers caused due to asbestosis
```
Lung
Pleura
Peritoneum
Larynx
Colon
```
59
Cancer caused by chromium
Lung
60
Cancers caused by nitrogen mustard
Lung
Head and neck
Nasal sinuses
61
Most carcinogenic uv ray to reach earth
uvB
62
Types of uv rays
uvA(320-400nm)
uvB(280-320nm)
uvC(200-280nm)
63
Maximum sensitivity to ionising radiation
G2
64
Most common cancer due to ionising radiation
1.Papillary thyroid carcinoma
| Leukemias
65
Leukemia that does not occur after ionising radiation
CLL
66
Uranium miners suffer from
Lung cancer
67
Cancers caused by H.pylori
MALTOMA{t(11;18)}
| Gastric adenocarcinoma
68
Oncogenic RNA viruses
HTLV-1
| HCV
69
Diseases caused by HTLV-1
T cell leukemia
| Tropical spastic paraparesis
70
Gene responsible for pathogenesis of HTLV-1
TAX
71
Cancers caused by EBV
African form of burkitt
B cell lymphoma in immunosupressed individuals
Mixed cellularity variant of Hodgkin
Nasopharyngeal Ca
72
Factors in EBV implicated in carcinogenesis
LMP1(activation of NF KB and JAK STAT)
EBVNA-2(activates Cyclin D)
Viral cytokine vIL-10 prevents activation of T cells by monocytes and macrophages
73
Pathogenesis of HBV induced liver cancer
HBx which inactivates p53
74
Pathogenesis of HPV induced cancers
E6 p53 gene inactivation
| E7 p53,RB,p21 gene inactivation
75
Cancers causing carcinoid syndrome
Bronchial adenoma
Pancreatic Ca
Gastric carcinoma
76
Cancers causing polycythemia
Renal carcinoma
Cerebellar hemangioma
Hepatocellular Ca
77
Acanthosis nigricans is caused due to
Secretion of epidermal growth factor
78
Cancers causing acanthosis nigricans
Gastric Ca
Lung Ca
Uterine Ca
79
Cancers causing dermatomyositis
Bronchogenic ca
| Breast Ca
80
Cancers causing trousseau phenomenon
Pancreatic Ca
| Bronchogenic Ca
81
Most common endocrinopathy following cancer
Cushing syndrome
82
Most common paraneoplastic syndrome
Hypercalcemia
83
Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in
```
Ca of colon
Pancreas
Lung
Stomach
Heart
```
84
Marker in ovarian cancer
Osteopontin
| CA 125
85
Marker in breast cancer
CA 15-3
86
Marker in pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9(also elevated in colon cancer)
87
p53 mutations in urine
Bladder cancer
88
Marker for lung cancer
p53 and RAS mutations in sputum and serum
89
p53 mutations in stool and serum
Pancreatic ca
90
Markers of colon cancer
p53,RAS,APC mutations in stool and serum
91
alpha subunit of hCG is similar to
FSH
LH
TSH
92
Subunit of hCG that is measured as tumor marker
Beta subunit
93
Antigens used for determining tumor cells arising from breast
alpha lactalbumin
GCDP-15
estrogen/progesterone
94
mesothelioma markers
Keratin
Calretinin
Mesothelin
95
Antigens used for determining tumor cells arising from endothelial cells
CD34
| Factor VIII
96
Melanoma markers
HMB 45
S100
Vimentin
97
Markers for fibrohistiocytic tumors
Lysozyme
| HAM 56
98
Specific marker of melanoma
HMB 45(present in melanosomes)
99
Sensitive marker of melanoma
S-100
100
S-100 is present in
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Neural tumors
Liposarcoma
Chondrorcoma
101
Markers of neurofibroma
S-100(malignant tumor lose its expression)
| GFAP
102
Specific marker for neuroblastoma
NSE
103
Sensitive markers for neuroblastoma
Chromogranin
| Synaptophysin
104
Markers of angiosarcoma
Factor VIII
vimentin
CD34
105
Drugs acting on HER2/neu
Transtuzumab
| Lapatinib
106
Hepatoblastoma is seen in
Boys
107
Ectopic insulin producing tumor
Small cell Ca of cervix
108
Causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy(hormones involved)
PTHrP
PTH(ovary,lung)
calcitriol(lymphoma)
PGE2(lung,renal)
109
Tumors secreting VIP
Pancreas
Esophagus
Pheochromocytoma
110
Tumors associated with Oncogenic osteomalacia
```
Hemangiopericytoma
Osteoblastoma
Fibroma
Sarcoma
Prostate
Lung
Giant cell tumors
```
111
Factor causing Oncogenic osteomalacia
FGF23(phosphatonin)
112
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma
```
Myasthenia gravis
Cushing
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
pure red cell aplasia
Encephalitis
Graves disease
Pernicious Anemia
Dermatomyositis-polymyositis
```
113
Infection associated with thymoma
EBV
114
Commonest anterior mediastinal tumor
Thymoma
115
p53 causes cell cycle arrest at
Late G1 phase
116
Common cancers associated with migratory thrombophlebitis
```
Pancreas
Lung
GIT
Breast
Ovary
Genitourinary
Lymphoma
Brain tumors
```
117
Most common site of chloroma
Orbit/peri orbital lesions
118
Askin tumor
Malignant small round cell tumor
A member of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors
119
Askin tumors are common in
Thoracopulmonary region
120
Growth factor oncogenes
SIS(PDGF B)
HGF
TGFalpha
Fibroblast growth factors(HST1 and INT2)
121
Flexner wintersteiner rosettes are found in
Retinoblastoma
Pineoblastoma
Medulloepithelioma
122
Homer wright rosettes
Supratentorial PNET
retinoblastoma
Pineoblastoma
123
Rosettes in ependymoblastoma
True ependymal rosette
124
Tumors with perivascular pseudo rosette
```
Medulloblastoma
PNET
central neurocytoma
Glioblastoma
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma
```
125
Neuropil rich rosettes
```
Pineocytomatous rosettes(pineocytoma)
Neurocytic rosettes(central neurocytoma)
```
126
Lynch syndrome
```
Ca colon,endometrium,ovary
Stomach
Ureter
Brain
Small intestine
Skin
Billiary tract
```
127
Most common tumor to metastasis to brain
```
1.Small cell ca of lung
Breast
Melanoma
Kidney
GIT
```
128
Death of epithelial cells after removal from normal milieu of substrate
Anoikis
129
Sites of alkaline phosphatase secretion
Liver
Bone
Placenta
Intestine
130
Heat stable alkaline phosphatase
Placenta
| Tumor
131
Heat sensitive alkaline phosphatase
1. bone
2. intestine
3. liver
132
Tumors with elevated placental alkaline phosphatase
Seminoma
| Choriocarcinoma
133
Time taken for cell cycle phases
Fixed
S 6hrs
G2 4hrs
M 2hrs
G1 shows considerable variation(2hrs to 12hrs)
134
Difference btw viral and human oncogenes
No introns in viral oncogenes
135
Tumors producing solitary skeletal metastasis
Kidney
| Thyroid
136
Childhood tumors producing bone metastasis
```
Neuroblastoma
Wilms
Osteosarcoma
Ewing
Rhabdomyosarcoma
```
137
Tumors producing skeletal metastasis in adults
Ca prostate
Breast
Kidney
Lung
138
PUVA therapy is used for
Vitiligo
Psoriasis
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
139
Carcinoembryonic antigen is elevated in
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Emphysema
Ca colon,pancreas,stomach,lung,heart
140
Tumor showing popcorn calcification
Chondrosarcoma
141
Adenomas which are malignant
Villous
