30.5.2013(gen Path-cell injury,hemodynamics) 22 Flashcards
(140 cards)
0
Q
Drug causing pure motor neuropathy
A
Dapsone
1
Q
Involvement of inguinal node in Ca endometrium
Stage
A
IV B
2
Q
Most common cause of mononeuritis multiplex in India
A
Leprosy
3
Q
All of the following lead to trophic ulcers in fingers except Cervical disc prolapse SACD leprosy Syringomyelia
A
SACD
4
Q
Dying back neuropathy
A
Axonal neuropathy
5
Q
Fever in GBS
A
Absent at the time of onset
6
Q
CSF protein in GBS elevated at end of
A
1st week
7
Q
4 D of botulism
A
Diplopia
Dysphagia
Dysarthria
Dysphonia
8
Q
Descending paralysis with fixed dilated pupils
A
Botulism
9
Q
Most common cause for neuropathic joint disease
A
Diabetes
10
Q
Causes of Charcot joint
A
DM tabes Meningomyelocele Syringomyelia Amyloidosis Leprosy CMT
11
Q
Joints affected in tabes
A
Hips
Knees
Ankle
12
Q
Joints affected in syringomyelia
A
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
13
Q
Joint affected in diabetes
A
Tarsal
Tarsometatarsal joint
14
Q
Most sensitive diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis
A
Single fiber electromyography
15
Q
Most specific test for myasthenia gravis
A
Anti Ach receptor antibodies
16
Q
40% of anti Ach antibody absent patients have
A
Anti MUSK antibodies
17
Q
Difference between lambert and MG
A
Lambert
Age>40yrs
More common in males
Proximal limb muscles» extra ocular muscles
18
Q
Most common muscle involved in myasthenia gravis
A
Extra ocular muscles
19
Q
Drug of choice for enhancement of neuromuscular transmission in LEMS
A
3,4 diaminopyridine
20
Q
Syndromes associated with thymoma
A
Myasthenia gravis Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia Pure red cell aplasia Eosinopenia Rare Ectopic Cushing Optic neuritis/limbic encephalitis Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
21
Q
Percentage of MG pts having thymoma
A
10%
65% have hyperplastic thymic tissue
22
Q
Thymectomy is not recommended for
A
Age 55
Localised MG (weakness only in extra ocular muscles)
Pts with MUSK positive myasthenia
23
Q
X linked recessive muscular dystrophies
A
Duchenne
Becker
Emery Dreyfus
24
Muscle dystrophy
Elbow contractures
Humeral and peroneal weakness
Emery dreifuss
25
IQ in DMD
Impaired
26
Onset of DMD
Before age of 5
27
Pseudo hypertrophy in DMD
```
Gastrocnemius
Glutei
Deltoid
Serratus anterior
BRACHIORADIALIS
Tongue muscles
```
28
Atrophied muscles in DMD
Pectoralis major sternal head
| Supraspinatus
29
Myotonic dystrophy chr
Chr19
30
Most common adult muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
31
Type of fibres involved in myotonic dystrophy
Type 1 fibres
32
Inverted champagne bottle appearance
CMT
| Chronic venous insufficiency leading to lipodermatosclerosis
33
Molecular defect in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Expansion of polyA RNA binding protein
34
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy
```
Myotilin
Laminin
Caveolin
Calpain-3
Dysferelin
Alpha,beta,gamma,delta sarcoglycans
Telethonin
Fukutin related protein
Titin
TRIM 32
```
35
Defective proteins in emery Dreyfus
Emerin
| Laminin
36
Most common cause of cell injury
Hypoxia
37
Most common cause of hypoxia
Ischemia
38
Earliest change seen in reversible cell injury
Hydropic change
39
Myeloid or myelinoid bodies
Myelin figures in lysosomes
40
Cell size in necrosis
Increased
Shrunken in apoptosis
41
Electrophoretic pattern of necrosis
Smear pattern
Step ladder pattern in apoptosis
42
Most common type of necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
43
Liquefactive necrosis is seen in
Brain
Abscess
Pancreatitis
44
Fat necrosis
Breast
Omentum
Pancreatitis
45
Fibrinoid necrosis
```
PAN
Aschoff body
Malignant hypertension
HSP
LS endocarditis
```
46
Noma
Gangrene of vulva or mouth(cancrum oris)
47
Caspase antagonist
FLIP
48
TRAIL
TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand
49
TRAIL binds to
DR4 and DR5
50
Bcl-2 family proteins chr
Chr 18
51
Pro apoptotic
```
Bak
Bid
Bim
Bcl-xS
Puma
Noxa
P53
```
52
Anti apoptotic
Bcl-2
Bcl-xL
Mcl-1
53
Stain for chromatin condensation
Hematoxylin
Feulgen
Acridine orange
54
Annexin V stains
Phosphatidyl serine
55
TUNEL
Tdt mediated d-Utp Nick End Labelling
56
Fat stain
```
Sudan III and IV
Oil red O
Sudan black
Nile blue sulphate
Schultz
Filipin
```
57
Intracellular hyaline
Mallory hyaline
Russell bodies
Zenker hyaline change
58
Extracellular hyaline
Hyaline membrane in newborn
Hyaline arteriosclerosis
Corpora amylacea in prostate,brain,spinal cord in elderly,old lung infarct
59
Zenker degeneration
Hyaline appearance of muscles
| Coagulative necrosis affecting skeletal muscles(most common)
60
Muscles most commonly affected by zenker hyaline change
Rectus
| Diaphragm
61
Infection associated with zenker degeneration
Typhoid
62
Causes of dystrophic calcification
```
Rheumatic heart disease
Atheromatous plaque
Tubercular lymph node
Tumors
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
Papillary Ca of thyroid,ovary,kidney,salivary gland
Prolactinoma
Glucagonoma
```
63
Organs affected by metastatic calcification
```
Lung(most common)
Kidney
Stomach
Systemic arteries
Pulmonary veins
```
64
Stain for glycogen
Carmine(best)
| PAS with diastase sensitivity
65
Amyloid stains
```
Congo red
Thioflavin T(for JG apparatus of kidney) and S
```
66
Calcium stains
Von kossa
| Alizarin red
67
Hemosiderin stain
Perl
68
Trichrome stain
Collagen appears blue
| Smooth muscle appears red
69
The most effective way to prolong life
Calorie restriction
70
Calorie restriction induces
SIRUTINS
71
SIRUTINS have
Histone deacytelase activity
| Increase expression of longevity genes
72
Sirt-1
Improve glucose tolerance
| Enhance insulin secretion
73
Non enzymatic antioxidants
```
Vit E
SH containing cysteine and glutathione
Albumin
Ceruloplasmin
Transferrin
```
74
SOD found in cytosol
Copper-zinc superoxide Dismutase
Manganese dismutase is found in mitochondria
75
Nuclear moulding is characteristic of
Malignant cells
76
Coagulative necrosis is found in which infection
TB
77
Ageing is due to
Accumulation of mutations in somatic cells
78
Most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane
Laminin
79
Dye used to differentiate live from apoptotic cells
Acridine orange
| Ethidium bromide
80
Acridine orange emission max when bound to DNA
Green
81
Acridine orange emission max when bound to RNA
Red
82
Components of basement membrane
```
Laminin
Fibronectin
Tenascin
Proteoglycans
Entactin(nidogen)
Perlecan(heparin sulphate)
Collagen type IV
```
83
Internucleosomal cleavage in apoptosis is brought about by
Ca+ Mg+ dependant endonucleases
84
Location of lipofuschin
Perinuclear
85
Fenton reaction
Ferrous iron converted to ferric iron
86
Other name for pathological calcification
Heterotopic calcification
87
Flowing wax appearance over anterior vertebra
Ankylosing spondylitis
88
Anterior spinal ligament is calcified in
AS
89
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Forrestier disease
90
Calcification in forrestier disease
Anterolateral aspect of vertebra
91
Copper stain
Rhodamine
| Rubeanic acid
92
Staining of Cu associated proteins
Orecins
93
Pseudomelanin
After death
| Dark greenish or blackish discolouration of surface of abdominal viscera
94
Cause for pseudomelanin
Action of hydrogen sulphide on iron of hemoglobin
95
Specific granules of neutrophils
```
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Type IV collagenase
Leukocyte adhesion molecules
Plasminogen activator
Phospholipase A2
```
96
Azurophil granules
```
MPO
lysozyme
Cationic proteins
Acid hydrolase
Elastase
Non specific collagenase
BPI
CATHEPSIN G
phospholipase A2
```
97
Metaplasia is
Reversible
98
Basophil cells of pituitary gland in Cushing syndrome
Crooke hyaline change
99
Breast in puberty and pregnancy
Hyperplasia
100
Breast in lactation
Hypertrophy
101
First change in hypoxia
Decreased oxidative phosphorylation
102
Stain for mucopolysaccharides
Alcian blue
103
Difference btw hyperaemia and congestion
Hyperaemia
Active process
Arterial
104
Alpha granules of platelets
```
P selectin
Fibrinogen
Fibronectin
Factors V and VIII
platelet factor 4
PDGF
TGF beta
```
105
Delta granules or delta bodies
```
ADP
ATP
ionised ca++
Histamine
Serotonin
Epinephrine
```
106
Platelets bind to each other by
Fibrinogen via GpIIb-IIIa
107
Normal PT
12-16 seconds
108
Normal aPTT
26-34s
109
Thrombin time
Used for testing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
110
Thrombin time depends on
Adequate fibrinogen levels
111
Thrombin time is elevated in
Afibrinogenemia
Dysfibrinogenemia
Heparin like inhibitors
DIC
112
Antithrombin III inhibits
Factor IX,X,XI,XII
113
Protein C and S inhibits
V
| VIII
114
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits
VII
| X
115
Thrombomodulin not produced by
Endothelial cells in cerebral micro circulation
All other endothelial cells express it.
116
Action of thrombomodulin
Binds to thrombin and activates protein C
117
Only protein in the coagulation cascade whose deficiency may result in prothrombotic state
Factor XII
118
Factor V Leiden
Resistant to degradation by protein C
119
Conditions with both arterial and venous thrombi
```
Homocystinuria
Hyperhomocystinemia
Anti phospholipid antibody
DIC
HIT
Essential thrombocytosis
Cancer
PNH
Polycythemia Vera
Dysfibrinogenemia
TTP
```
120
Only mixed disorder(inherited and acquired) that causes both venous and arterial thrombosis
Hyperhomocystinemia
121
Most specific diagnostic test for HIT
Serotonin release assay
122
HIT is common in
Surgical pts
| Females
123
Fat embolism
Pulmonary insufficiency
Neurologic symptoms
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
124
Fungal causes of DIC
Histoplasmosis
| Aspergillosis
125
Cancers causing DIC
```
Ca pancreas
Stomach
Prostate
Lung
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
```
126
Shock due to GNB is mediated by
LBP which binds to CD14 of macrophage
127
Shock due to GPB
Lipotechoic acid bind to TLR-2 on macrophage
128
Adrenal findings in shock
Cortical cell lipid depletion
129
Initiating mechanism in endotoxic shock
1. cytokine release
| 2. Endothelial injury
130
Fibrinolytic effect of endothelium
Tissue plasminogen activator 1
Urokinase
Annexin 2
131
Anti platelet effect of endothelium
Ecto ADPase/CD39
PGI2
NO
132
Hemorrhagic infarction is seen in
Thrombosis
Embolism
Venous thrombosis
133
Normal viscosity of blood
1.8
134
Hyperviscosity states
Multiple myeloma
Waldenstrom macroglobinemia
Cryoglobulinemia
Myeloproliferative disorder
135
Hypersensitivity vasculitis affects
Post capillary venules
136
Kallikrein converts
Plasminogen to plasmin
| Kininogen to kinin
137
Most common cause of sepic shock
GPB
138
Character of chyle
Turbid
Exudate
Protein>3.5g
139
Scarred areas over spleen with hemosiderin and calcium deposistion
Gamma gandy bodies
Occurs in cirrhosis
