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From Flashcardlet > 26.6.2013(SPM) 49 > Flashcards

26.6.2013(SPM) 49 Flashcards

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0
Q

Place that depends on rain water as source of supply

A

Gibraltar

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1
Q

Purest form of water

A

Rain water

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2
Q

Safe yield of water

A

Yield that is adequate for 95% of year

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3
Q

Disinfection action of chlorine is due to

A

Hypochlorous acid

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4
Q

Disinfectant with residual germicidal effect

A

Chlorine

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5
Q

Phases of chlorination

A

Formation of chloramines
Destruction of chloramines
Break point chlorination
Appearance of free residual chlorine

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6
Q

Recommended contact period of free residual chlorine

A

1hour

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7
Q

Recommended level of FRC,drinking water

A

> 0.5mg/L for 1 hour

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8
Q

Recommended level of FRC,swimming pool

A

> 1mg/L

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9
Q

Recommended level of FRC,water bodies post disaster

A

> 0.7mg/L

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10
Q

Orthotoludine test measures

A

Free chlorine

Both free and combined chlorine

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11
Q

Orthotoludine arsenite test detects

A

Free chlorine

Combined chlorine

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12
Q

Advantage of OTA over orthotoludine test

A

Not affected by interfering substances

Detects both free and combined chlorine separately

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13
Q

Quickest and simplest method of FRC

A

Diethylparaphenylenediamine(DPD)

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14
Q

Chlorine has no effect on

A 
Spores
Protozoan cysts
Helminthic ova
Polio
Hepatitis A
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15
Q

Dose of chlorine to be applied

A

Chlorine demand+0.5mg/L

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16
Q

Bleaching powder contains __________ % available chlorine

A

33

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17
Q

Cl acts as best disinfectant at a pH of

A

7

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18
Q

Instrument used to measure chlorine demand

A

Horrock apparatus

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19
Q

Instrument used to measure residual level of chlorine

A

Chloroscope

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20
Q

Instrument used for regulating or mixing dose of chlorine

A

Chlorinator/chloronorm

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21
Q

Nitrates in drinking water should be less than

A

50mg/L

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22
Q

Nitrites in drinking water should be less than

A

3mg/L

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23
Q

Which indicates recent contamination of water?

Nitrates or nitrites

A

Nitrites

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24
Bacteriological indicators of water quality
``` Coliforms(E.coli is the most important microbiological indicator) Fecal Streptococci(recent contamination) Clostridium perfringens(remote contamination) ```
25
Acceptable level of coliforms in water
None | In large urban supplies upto 5% samples are acceptable to be contaminated if taken continuously for 12 months
26
Daily drinking water requirement
2-3 litres
27
Water supply adequate to meet domestic needs
150-200litres(urban) | 40-60litres(rural)
28
Problem village
Safe source of drinking water not within 1.6km or 100m elevation in hilly areas Water source affected by iron,fluorides,salinity,arsenic Water at depth of more than 15metres
29
Temporary hardness of water is due to
Bicarbonates of magnesium and calcium
30
Permanent hardness is due to
Calcium and magnesium salts of sulfates/chlorides/nitrates
31
Hardness of water is measured in terms of
mEq/L of CaCO3
32
Hardness of water classification
Soft less than 1meq/L Moderately hard 1-3meq/L Hard 3-6meq/L Very hard more than 6meq/L 1meq/L is equal to 50mg/L
33
Dose of bleaching powder required
N*2 gms to disinfect 455L of water N-first cup that shows distinct blue color
34
Chlorine demand of water
Amount of chlorine that is needed to destroy all bacteria and to oxidise all ammoniacal substances and organic matter present in water
35
Most desired temperature range for drinking water
5-10 degrees C
36
Undesirable metals in drinking water
``` Lead(most undesirable) Iron Manganese Zinc Copper Aluminium ```
37
Undesirable gases in drinking water
Methane H2S Ammonia
38
Undesirable salts in drinking water
``` Chlorides Fluorides Nitrates Nitrites Calcium Magnesium ```
39
Water washed diseases
Trachoma Scabies Bacillary and amoebic dysentery Typhus
40
DOC for scabies
5% permethrin | Oral: ivermectin
41
Rate of filtration of sand filters
200m.g.a.d(rapid sand filter) | 2-3 m.g.a.d(slow sand filter)
42
Effective size of sand in sand filters
0. 2-0.3mm(slow sand filters) | 0. 4-0.7mm(rapid sand filters)
43
Loss of head allowed in sand filters
6-8ft in rapid sand filter | 4ft in slow sand filter
44
Which sand filter removes more bacteria
Slow sand filter
45
Disadvantage of rapid sand filter
Frequent washing Highly skilled operation Slow sand filters occupy a large area
46
Method of washing sand filters
``` Back washing(rapid sand filter) Scraping sand bed(slow sand filter) ```
47
Heart of slow sand filter
Vital/biological/zoogleal layer | Schmutzdecke
48
Formation of vital layer is known as
Ripening of filter
49
Drinking water quality,color
Less than 15 true color units
50
Drinking water quality,turbidity
Less than 5 nephlometric turbidity units
51
Drinking water quality,pH
6.5-8.5
52
Drinking water quality,total dissolved solids
Less than 600mg/L
53
Drinking water quality,level of fluorine
Less than 1.5ppm
54
Drinking water quality,radiation activity
Alpha radiation activity less than 0.5Bq/L | Beta radiation activity less than 1Bq/L
55
Periodicity of water sample collection
<20,000 every one month 20000-50000 every 2 weeks 50,000-1,00,000 very 4 days More than 1,00,000 daily
56
Methods to remove hardness of water
``` Temporary Boiling Addition of lime Addition of sodium carbonate Permutit process Permanent Addition of sodium carbonate and base exchange process ```
57
Advantage of hard water
Cardio protective
58
Indicator used in horrock apparatus
Starch iodine
59
Next to rain water in purity
Impounding reservoir
60
One tablet of chlorine disinfects
20L of water
61
Mechanism of disinfectant action of bleaching powder
Free chlorine
62
Shallow wells
Water from above first impervious layer
63
Chamberlain filter
Porcelain
64
Berkefield filter
Infusorial earth
65
Katadyn filter
Silver
66
Household purification
Iodine | Potassium permanganate
67
Presumptive coliform count is estimated by
Multiple tube test | Membrane filtration technique
68
Indicator in multiple tube test
Bromocresol purple
69
Confirmatory test for coliform organisms
Eikjman test
70
Water related diseases
``` Malaria Filaria Dengue Yellow fever Onchocerciasis ```
71
Water based disease
Schistosomiasis | Dracunculiasis
72
Air humidity is measured by
Hygrometer Sling/whirling psychrometer Assman psychrometer Dry and wet bulb thermometer
73
Methods of natural ventilation
Perflation and aspiration Diffusion Inequality of air temperature
74
Types of mechanical ventilation
``` Exhaust Plenum(fresh air blown into rooms by centrifugal fans) Combined(exhaust+plenum) Air conditioning(simultaneous control of temperature,humidity,air movement) ```
75
Best indicator of air pollution
Sulphur di oxide
76
Best biological indicator of air pollution
Lichens
77
Chemical indicators of air pollution
``` SO2 Smoke or Soiling index Air pollution index Grit and dust measurement Co efficient of haze ```
78
Primary pollutants
``` SO2 NO2 CO Hydrocarbons Particulate matter CFC Ammonia Radioactive materials Lead,cadmium,copper ```
79
Secondary pollutants
Formed by interaction with primary pollutants Particulate matter Peroxyacetylnitrate Ground level ozone
80
Mc ardles maximum allowable sweat rate
4.5 litres per 4 hours
81
Comfort zone based on P4SR
1-3 litres
82
Green house gases
``` CO2 N2O Methane PFC SF6 Hydro fluorocarbons ```
83
Cooling power
Air temperature Humidity Air movement
84
Corrected effective temperature
Includes mean radiant heat along with cooling power
85
Cooling power of air is measured by
Kata thermometer
86
Indices of thermal comfort(kata reading)
Dry kata greater than 6 | Wet kata greater than 20
87
Mean radiant temperature is measured by
Bulb thermometer
88
Environmental heat is measured by
Wet globe thermometer
89
Thermometers to measure air temperature
``` Dry bulb Wet bulb Minimum Maximum Six minimum and maximum Silvered ```
90
Highest contribution to green house gases
Water vapour
91
Instrument used to measure low air velocities
Kata thermometer
92
Under Kyoto protocol industrialised nations agreed to reduce green house emissions by
5.2%
93
Comfortable temperature range
25-27 C(77 -80.6 F)
94
Indoor air pollutants
``` Carbon monoxide Mineral fibres Ozone Radon and daughters Organic vapours(benzene,toludene) Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide Carbon dioxide Asbestos Respirable dust Formaldehyde ``` C MORON SCARF
95
Upper limit of heat tolerance,Heat stress index
100 Severe heat strain 40-60
96
Number of air changes in one hour in drawing room should be atleast
2 Work room 4-6
97
CO2 in air is measured by
Kiffer test
98
Relative humidity is measured by
Sling psychrometer
99
Whispering produces a sound of
20-30dB
100
Daily maximum tolerable sound level to human ear
85-90dB
101
Auditory fatigue appears at
90dB region(greatest in 4000Hz)
102
Sound level above which tympanic membrane ruptures
150-160dB
103
Permanent hearing loss,dB level
Single exposure to 160dB | Repeated exposure to 100dB
104
Normal voice dB
60db
105
Pain in ear occurs at what dB
130dB
106
Basic illumination for satisfactory vision
15-20 foot candles
107
Reflection factors
Ceiling 80% Walls 50-60% Furniture 30-40% Floor less than 15-20%
108
Factor used to measure intensity of daylight
Daylight factor
109
Daylight factor
Instantaneous illumination indoors/simultaneously occurring illumination outdoors *100
110
Daylight factor for living room
8% For kitchen 10%
111
Recommended illumination for various tasks
Casual reading 100lux Office work 400lux Watch making 2000-3000lux
112
Wind velocity is recorded at a height of
10metres
113
Setbacks
Builtup area 1/3rd,open space 2/3rd in rural areas | In urban areas Builtup area may be upto 2/3rd
114
Recommended floor space for 1 person
70-90 sq.ft For 2 persons >110sq.ft
115
Definition for overcrowding
Two persons above 9yrs of age,not husband and wife,of opposite sex are obliged to sleep in same room
116
Floor area per student in class
>10sq.ft
117
Space per worker in factory
>500 cu.ft
118
Terrestrial radiation is maximum in
Kerela
119
Unit for radioactivity
Curie | Becquerel
120
Unit for amount of radiation to which a person is exposed
Roentgen and coulomb per kg
121
Units of absorbed radiation
Red and gray
122
Unit of radioactivity that is product of absorbed dose and modifying factor
Rem Sievert It measures degree of potential danger to health
123
Maximum permissible level of exposure to radiation
5 rad per person per year
124
Maximum number of persons in 1 room
2
125
Maximum number of persons in 5 rooms
10 Additional 2 for each further room
126
Maximum number of persons in rooms
``` 2 persons(1) 3 persons(2) 5 persons(3) 7 persons(4) ```
127
Window area according to housing standards
1/5th of floor area(urban) | 10% of floor area(rural)
128
Most satisfactory method for solid waste(refuse) disposal
Sanitary landfill(controlled tipping)
129
Unit of luminous intensity
Candela
130
Unit of luminous flux
Lumen
131
Unit of illumination illuminance
Lux
132
Unit of brightness illuminance
Lambert
133
Methods of composting
``` Bangalore method(anaerobic hot fermentation process) Indore method(aerobic) ```
134
Average amount of sewage that flows in sewerage system in 24 hrs
Dry weather flow
135
Methods of sanitary land fill
Trench Ramp Area
136
BOD
Amount of oxygen consumed in 5 days at 20 C
137
Strong sewage ,BOD
>300g/L Weak is less than 100g/L
138
Best method of sewage disposal if suitable land is available
Composting
139
Chemical best for COD
Potassium dichromate
140
Strong sewage,suspended solids
>500mg/L Weak sewage less than 100mg/L
141
Primary treatment of sewage
Screening Grit chamber Primary sedimentation Floatation
142
Secondary treatment of sewage
``` Aerobic oxidation Trickling filter Activated sludge process Secondary sedimentation Sludge digestion ```
143
Tertiary treatment of sewage
Disinfection Chlorination Filteration ponds
144
Latrines suitable for camps and temporary use
Shallow Trench Deep trench Pit Bore hole
145
Ideal retention period in septic tank
24 hours
146
Minimum capacity of septic tank
500 gallons
147
Heart of activated sludge process
Aeration tank
148
Steps of purification in septic tank
``` Anaerobic digestion Aerobic oxidation(takes place in subsoil outside septic tank) ```
149
Sanitation barrier
Segregation of feces
150
Desludging of septic tank should be carried out
Once a year New tank seeded with sludge from another septic tank
151
Sludge in septic tank
Solid which settles down Scum- lighter solid that floats
152
Dimensions of septic tank
Length to be twice of breadth Depth 1.5-2m Liquid depth 1.2m Air space depth 30cm
153
Recommended area per swimmer
2.2sq.m
154
Filtration of water in swimming pool
15% to be replaced by fresh water every day | Water to be refiltered by rapid sand filters in less than 6hours
155
Black water
Water from toilets White water-potable water Grey water-sullage
156
Depth of water seal in RCA sanitary latrine
2cm
157
Waste types not to be incinerated
``` Pressurised gas containers Reactive chemical wastes Halogenated plastics Silver/radiographic/photographic wastes wastes with high mercury and cadmium content Sealed ampoules ```
158
Function of grit chamber
Settlement of heavy objects
159
ph of swimming pool water
7.4-7.8
160
Bacteriological quality of swimming pool water
Should be as close to standards prescribed for drinking waters as possible
161
Propagative transmission
Only multiplies in body of vector Plague bacilli in rat flea Yellow fever virus in aedes
162
Cyclopropagative
Multiplies and also undergoes cyclical change in body of vector Malarial parasite in female anopheles mosquito
163
Cyclodevelopmental
Only cyclical change in body of vector Filaria in culex Guinea worm in cyclops
164
Vector for onchocerciasis
Black fly(simulum)
165
Vector for chagas disease
Reduvidd bug
166
Vector for African sleeping sickness
Tse Tse fly(glossina palpalis)
167
Sand fly is the vector for
Oriental sore Kala azar Sandfly fever Oroya fever
168
Other name for sand fly
Phlebotamus argentipes
169
Housefly is vector for
``` Diarrhoea and dysentrical diseases Polio Yaws Anthrax Trachoma ```
170
Mite is the vector for
Scrub typhus | Rickettsial pox
171
Louse is the vector for
Pediculosis Epidemic fever Trench fever Relapsing fever PERT
172
Flea is vector for
``` Murine typhus Plague Chiggerosis Hymenolepsis nana Hymenolepsis dimunita ```
173
Soft tick is vector for
Relapsing fever Q fever KFD(outside India)
174
Hard tick is vector for
``` RMSF Tularemia Babesiosis KFD(India) Indian tick typhus Tick paralysis Tick hemorrhagic fever Tick encephalitis ```
175
Spotted fevers
``` RMSF(R.rickettsi)hard tick(rodents,dogs) Indian tick typhus(R.conari) hard tick(rodents,dogs) Rickketsial pox(R.akari) mite (mice) ```
176
Typhus group
``` Epidemic typhus(R.prowazaki) louse(human reservoir) Endemic typhus(R.typhi) flea(rodent reservoir) Scrub typhus(R.tsutsugamushi) trombiculid mite(rodent) ```
177
Cause of Q fever
Coxiella burnetti | Reservoir(Cattles,sheep,goat)
178
Cause of trench fever
Bartonella Quintana (louse) human reservoir
179
Diseases transmitted by anopheles mosquito
Malaria | Filaria(outside India)
180
Diseases transmitted by mansonia
Malayan(brugian) filariasis | Chikungunya
181
Diseases transmitted by culex
Bancroftian filariasis Japanese encephalitis West Nile fever Viral arthritis
182
Diseases transmitted by aedes
``` Yellow fever Dengue,DHF Chikungunya rift valley fever Filariasis(outside India) ```
183
Life span of a mosquito
8-34 days
184
Larvae that possess siphon tube
Culicine larvae Culex Aedes Mansoni
185
Larval stage of mosquito occupies
5-7days Egg and pupal stage lasts for 1-2 days
186
Nuisance mosquito
Culex
187
Sophisticated mosquito
Anopheles
188
Breeding habitats of Mosquitos
Clean water(anopheles) Dirty,polluted water(culex) Artificial collections of water(aedes) Water bodies containing aquatic plants(mansonia)
189
Egg of anopheles mosquito
Single | Boat shaped with lateral rafts
190
Eggs of culex
Multiple | Raft shaped
191
Eggs of aedes
Single | Cigar/torpedo shaped
192
Eggs of mansonia
Laid in star shaped clusters
193
Distance travelled by Mosquitos
3-5kms(Anopheles ) 11km(culex) 100m(aedes)
194
Adults of anopheles
Spotted wings | Inclined at an angle to surface
195
Culex adults
Hunch back rest
196
Larvae of anopheles
Rest parallel to undersurface of water | No siphon tube
197
Larvae of culex
Rest perpendicular to surface of water | Siphon present
198
Aedes larvae
Rest in dark bottom corners | Siphon tube present
199
Pupae of anopheles
Broad and short siphon tube

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