Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Chapter 20 Lymphatics > Flashcards

2 A&P II Chapter 20 Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three parts of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Network of capillary vessels
  2. Lymph
  3. Lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is lymph?

A

The fluid in the vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Clean the lymph as it passes through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are lymphatic vessels more similar to arteries or veins?

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do the ends of lymphatic vessels look like?

A

Closed on one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen
Thymus
Tonils
Lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What pressures force fluid in and out of the capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pushes out, osmotic pulls in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What end is fluid pushed out and pulled in at?

A

Arteriole end pushes fluid out, venous end pulls it back in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to the fluid that remains in the tissue space?

A

Becomes part of interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why must the fluid be returned back to the capillaries?

A

To maintain blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is interstitial fluid called once it enters the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels flow?

A

One way towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?

A

Teeth, bone, marrow, CNS, portion of spleen, avascular structures (cartilage, epidermis, cornea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries determining characteristic?

A

Very permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are lymphatic vessels so permeable?

A

Endothelial cells are not tightly joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are minivalves composed of?

A

Endothelial cells are not tightly joined and their edges of adjacent cells overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why don’t lymphatic capillaries collapse?

A

Collagen filaments anchor endothelium so any increase in fluid opens minivalves, rather than causing the vessels to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do lymphatic vessels lack structurally?

A

Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when the fluid pressure in the interstitial space is greater than the pressure in the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Minivalves flap open allowing fluid to eneter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when the pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Valves are forced shut, preventing lymph from leaking out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Proteins in the interstitial fluid can/cannot easily enter the lymphatic capillaries

A

Can easily enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to a lymphatic capillary’s permeability when tissues are inflamed?

A

They develop openings that allow the uptake of large particles like cell debris, pathogens, and cacer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lacteals?

A

A special set of lymphatic capillaries that transport absorbed fat from the small intestine tot he blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is chyle? Where does it drain from?

A

Fatty lymph, draining from fingerlike villi of the intestinal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the progression of lymphatic vessels?

A

Capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many layers do collecting lymphatic vessels have?

A

Same three tunics as veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are lymphatic vessels different from veins?

A

Thinner walls, more valves, more anastomoses, only one way flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do superficial lymphatic vessels follow?

A

Superficial veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do deep lymphatic vessels follow?

A

Deep arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the lymphatic ducts?

A
  1. Lumbar
  2. Bronchomediastinal
  3. Subclavian
  4. Jugular
  5. Intestinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two lymph ducts?

A
  1. Thoracic

2. Right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What drains into the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the cisterna chyli drain?

A

The lumbar and intestinal trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

The lymph in the cisterna chyli, left thorax, head, neck, and upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What circulation do the terminal lymphatic ducts empty into?

A

Subclavian venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is another name for lymph?

A

Chyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is lymphatic a low or high pressure circuit?

A

Low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What mechanisms does the lymphatic system use since it does not have a pump? (5)

A
  1. Milking of skeletal muscle
  2. Pressure change in thorax during breathing
  3. Valves to prevent backflow
  4. Pulsations of nearby arteries help flow
  5. Smooth muscle in larger vessel walls pump lymph along
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the characteristics of lymph transport?

A

Sporadic and slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Anything that prevents normal return of lymph to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are some examples of what would cause lymphedema?

A

Radiation therapy, surgical removal of duct, malignancy, blockage from tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does lymphedema resolve?

A

Eventually vessels grow and drainage reestablishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the concern with lymphedema?

A

Tissues and fluid are at high risk for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How much lymph do the lymphatic capillaries drain every day?

A

About 3 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where do lymphocytes arise?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Protect the body against antigens - anything that will cause an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do activated T cells do?

A

Manage immune response, some directly attack and destroy infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Protect the body by producing plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Secrete antibodies into the blood, which mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does a macrophage do?

A

Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What do reticular cells do?

A

Produce the reticular fiber stroma, which is the network that support the other cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens at lymphoid tissues?

A

Houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is lymphoid tissue made of?

A

Reticular fibers (except thymus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are some examples of primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does immunocompetent but naive mean?

A

The cells are not activated until they encounter an antigen

60
Q

What is a secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Sites where most immune responses occurs

61
Q

What are some examples of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid follicles

62
Q

How long do lymphocytes live?

A

Can live for decades - memory cells

63
Q

Where is the largest amount of lymphoid tissue found?

A

Peyer’s patches in the intestine

64
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid tissue?

A

Diffuse and lymphoid follicles

65
Q

What is diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

Loosely arranged lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers found in every organ

66
Q

What are lymphoid follicles?

A

Spherical , solid bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

67
Q

What is the germinal center?

A

Where proliferating B cells exist

68
Q

When do germinal centers enlarge?

A

When B cells are dividing rapidly

69
Q

What are the principal lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes

70
Q

Where are lymph nodes usually embedded?

A

Connective tissue

71
Q

What are the basic functions of the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Filtration

2. Immune system activation

72
Q

How do the lymph nodes act in filtration?

A

As lymph goes back into the blood it is filtered by macrophages in the nodes, removing debris and destroying organisms

73
Q

How do the lymph nodes play a role in immune system activation?

A

Nodes are located at sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens and are activated to mount the attack against them

74
Q

What shape are lymph nodes?

A

Bean shaped

75
Q

What is the capsule?

A

Dense CT that surrounds the node

76
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

CT strands that extend inward to divide the node into compartments

77
Q

What structures are located in the lymph node’s cortex?

A

Densely packed follicles with germinal centers

78
Q

What cells are found in the lymph node cortex?

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. Dendritic cells
  4. Macrophages
79
Q

What cells are found in the medulla?

A

B cells and plasma cells, macrophages

80
Q

What are the medullary cords?

A

CT fibers extending inwards from the cortical lymphoid tissue

81
Q

What are the lymph sinuses?

A

Large lymph caipllaries spanned by crossing reticular fibers

82
Q

What are three lymph sinuses?

A
  1. Subcapular
  2. Trabecular
  3. Medullary
83
Q

Where does lymph enter the node?

A

The convex side of a node through many afferent lymphatic vessels

84
Q

Where does lymph exit the node?

A

In the indented hilum through efferent lymph vessels (1-2)

85
Q

Why are there less efferent than afferent vessels?

A

Lymph flow stagnates to allow time for filtration in the node

86
Q

Is lymph clean after one node?

A

No, it passes through many nodes

87
Q

What does a red streak up your arm indicate?

A

The infection flowing through your lymphatic vessels

88
Q

What is the most common lymphoma?

A

Hodgkins

89
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

90
Q

What does it mean if a lymph node is tender?

A

Consistent with inflammation or infection

91
Q

What does it mean if a lymph node is not tender?

A

Worries about malignancy

92
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of the lymphatic channels

93
Q

What are buboes?

A

When nodes become overwhelmed with organisms or debris and become swollen and tender

94
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

95
Q

What is the size of the spleen?

A

Fist

96
Q

What is the spleen full of?

A

Blood

97
Q

Where is the spleen located in the abdominal cavity?

A

Left

98
Q

What blood vessels serve the spleen?

A

Splenic artery and vein

99
Q

What are the functions of the spleen? (6)

A
  1. Site for lymphocyte proliferation
  2. Site for immune surveillance and response
  3. Blood cleansing site
  4. Stores platelets and monocytes
  5. Stores some of break down products of RBCs for future use
  6. May be a site for RBC production in fetus
100
Q

How does the spleen cleanse the blood?

A

Extracts aged and defective RBCs and platelets, macrophages remove debris, and foreign matter from the blood

101
Q

What happens in the white pulp?

A

Where immune functions take place

102
Q

What is the white pulp composed of?

A

Lymphocytes on reticular fibers

103
Q

What does the white pulp surround?

A

Forms a cuff around the central arteries

104
Q

What happens in the red pulp?

A

Where old RBCs and pathogens are destroyed

Storage site for platelets and RBC production in fetus

105
Q

What are the splenic cords (Bilroth’s cords)?

A

Regions of reticular CT that separate the blood filled splenic sinuses

106
Q

Where is the thymus and what does it look like?

A

Bilobed, inferior to the neck behind the sternum

107
Q

When is the thymus the most active?

A

Early life

108
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A

T cells mature

109
Q

What happens to the thymus later in life?

A

It atrophies and shrinks

110
Q

How are T cells made later in life if the thymus shrinks?

A

They are made through cell division

111
Q

What percentage of T cells make it out of the thymus?

A

2%

112
Q

What cells are present in the cortex of the thymus?

A
  1. Immature T cells
  2. Nurse cells
  3. Macrophages
  4. Dendritic cells
113
Q

What do nurse cells do?

A

Secrete thymic hormones that stimulate the T cell maturation and differentiation (they also test to find the 2% that will make it out of the thymus)

114
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Assist in the maturation of T cells

115
Q

Where did the immature T cells come from?

A

Red bone marrow

116
Q

What cells are found in the medulla of the thymus?

A

Mature T cells

117
Q

What are the Thymic (Hassel’s) corpuscles?

A

Concentric keratinized epithelial cells where aged generating nurse cells go, maybe T cell death

118
Q

How does the thymus differ from usual lymphoid organs?

A
  1. No follicles (no B cells)
  2. Does not directly fight antigens
  3. Stroma of thymus is endothelial (not reticular)
119
Q

Why doesn’t the thymus directly fight antigens?

A

Because of the blood thymus barrier

120
Q

What type of tissue is found in the thymus?

A

Endothelium

121
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

Not encapsulated lymphoid tissue

122
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

123
Q

What do MALTs do?

A

Protect against pathogens trying to enter the body

124
Q

What are four examples of MALT?

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Peyer’s patches
  3. Appendix
  4. Mucosa of respiratory, genitourinary, and digestive tracts
125
Q

What is the general area in which the tonsils are found?

A

Pharynx

126
Q

What are the four tonsils?

A
  1. Palatine
  2. Lingual
  3. Pharyngeal
  4. Tubal
127
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Posterior end of the oral cavity

128
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils?

A

Collection of tissue at the base of the tongue

129
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx

130
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils?

A

Tiny, surrounding the opening of the auditory tubes to the pharynx

131
Q

What is another name for the adenoids?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

132
Q

Which tonsils are the most commonly infected?

A

Palatine

133
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

To gather and remove pathogens entering th pharynx in food or air

134
Q

Are tonsils encapsulated?

A

No, they are MALT

135
Q

What are tonsilar crypts?

A

Epithelium overlying the tonsils invaginates deep into the interior, trapping the bacteria and particulate matter

136
Q

What are aggregated lymphoid nodules called?

A

Peyer’s patches

137
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

The wall of the distal small intestine

138
Q

What are peyer’s patches structurally similar to?

A

Tonsils

139
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

Off the large intestine on the right side of the abdomen

140
Q

What is the appendix in a good position to do?

A

Destroy bacteria and create memory

141
Q

Developmentally, where do the lymph vessels and nodes arise from?

A

Arise as lymph sacs that bud from developing veins

142
Q

What is the first sac to be created in fetal development?

A

Jugular vein sacs

143
Q

What do the jugular vein sacs become after birth?

A

Thoracic and right lymphatic ducts

144
Q

What type of cells do the lymphoid organs develop from in fetal development?

A

Mesodermal mesenchymal

145
Q

Are the lymph organs well developed before birth?

A

No, they become populated with lymphocytes shortly after birth
(exception - spleen and tonsils are developed before birth)

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions