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From Flashcardlet > Micro/Immuno 4 > Flashcards

Micro/Immuno 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the body’s defenses?

A

Non specific - innate

Specific - adaptive

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2
Q

Which line of defense is the specific immunity?

A

Third line of defense

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3
Q

When do specific defenses develop?

A

Takes time to develop after birth, usually reaches optimum later in life

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4
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary exposure?

A

Primary exposure is first time, secondary exposure is every subsequent time

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5
Q

Why are adaptive defenses specific?

A

Each antibody is created for a specific antigen - cells and proteins protect only against one or a few different pathogens

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6
Q

What is the basis of immunity?

A

Specific defenses have memory

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7
Q

What are the two parts to the adaptive response?

A 
Antibody mediated (humoral)
Cell mediated
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8
Q

What is the end result of the antibody mediated response?

A

Activation of specific B lymphocytes which secrete antibody

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9
Q

What is the end result of the cell mediated response?

A

Activate specific cytotoxic T cells to find cancer and infected host cells and kill them

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10
Q

What does the cell mediated response lack that the humoral response has?

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

What kind of pathogens can the antibody mediated response respond to?

A

All pathogens

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12
Q

What kind of pathogens can the cell mediated response respond to?

A

All pathogens except toxins and extracellular pathogens

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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any molecule that can stimulate a specific immune response

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14
Q

What kinds of molecules are antigens?

A

Proteins, glycoproteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

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15
Q

… but not all antigens are proteins

A

All proteins are antigens

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16
Q

Where are antigens found?

A

Everywhere! On viruses, prokaryotes, eukaryotes

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17
Q

What are the functions of antigens?

A 
Attachment
Transport
Invasins
Adhesins
Enzymes
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18
Q

What are the three types of antigens?

A

Self
Non self
Tumor

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19
Q

What are self antigens?

A

Our own molecules on our own healthy cells

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20
Q

What does the body do with self antigens?

A

The body learns not to respond to these - immunological tolerance

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21
Q

What are non self antigens?

A

Antigens on viruses, prokaryotes, and other eukaryotes other than ourselves

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22
Q

What does the body do with non self antigens?

A

Body must respond to these

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23
Q

What are tumor antigens?

A

Altered self antigens - antigens only found on cancer cells

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24
Q

What does the body do to tumor antigens?

A

Body must respond to these

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25
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Smaller part of an antigen that is actually recognized as self, altered self, or non self by lymphocytes

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26
Q

What helps a lymphocyte recognize an epitope?

A

Their unique surface receptors

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27
Q

What is another name for epitope?

A

Antigenic determinant

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28
Q

What binds to an epitope?

A

Secreted antibody

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29
Q

How many antibodies respond to an antigen?

A

Many antibodies respond to an antigen because an antigen has many epitopes - antibodies respond to epitopes, not the antigen as a whole

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30
Q

How many polysaccharides is an antigen? An epitope?

A

Antigen could be 10,000, while an epitope is only 6-10

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31
Q

What makes an antigen more immunogenic?

A

More epitopes

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32
Q

What does a response to self antigens result in?

A

Autoimmune disorders - no immunologic tolerance

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33
Q

Is a type of epitope specific to one antigen?

A

No - A specific epitope may be found on more than one antigen

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34
Q

What cells are involved in the recognition of self versus non self?

A

Receptors on B and T lymphocytes

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35
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where B and T lymphocytes mature

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36
Q

What are two examples of primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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37
Q

What does it mean by B and T lymphocytes maturing?

A

Learning to recognize non self and respond, and to recognize self and not respond

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38
Q

What happens if lymphocytes don’t mature?

A

They are eliminated

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39
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where B and T lymphocytes are first presented an epitope/antigen by APCs

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40
Q

What are some examples of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph nodes
Lymph nodules
Spleen
MALT

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41
Q

Are B cells APCs?

A

NOOOOOOOO

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42
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

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43
Q

What are the receptors on the B lymphocyte for?

A

Recognition of one or a few closely related epitopes

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44
Q

What does it mean when a cell can recognize something?

A

Has the affinity for and can noncovalently bind to that thing

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45
Q

What is the B cell receptor?

A

Membrane bound form of an antibody

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46
Q

How many kinds of B cells do we have in our bodies?

A

We have hundreds of millions of different B cells, which can recognize different epitopes

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47
Q

What are the receptors on the T lymphocyte for?

A

Recognition of one or a few closely related epitopes

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48
Q

What is the T cell receptor?

A

Membrane bound protein receptors, but not antibodies

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49
Q

Can we distinguish between B and T lymphocytes under a microscope?

A

No, but they have different surface antigens which can identify them

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50
Q

How do B and T cells know self?

A

MHC - major histocompatability complexes

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51
Q

What cells have MHC class I antigens?

A

Found on all nucleated cells except RBCs

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52
Q

Which type of specific immunity focuses on MHC I?

A

Cell mediated immunity

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53
Q

What cells have MHC class II antigens?

A

B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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54
Q

Which type of specific immunity focuses on MHC II?

A

Antibody mediated immunity

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55
Q

Which MHC is the major self marker?

A

MHC I

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56
Q

If a cell has MHC II markers, do they only have those, or do they have other MHC?

A

MHC II also have MHC I (Because MHC I are found on all nucleated cells, except RBCs)

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57
Q

What are the two types of antigen presentation?

A
  • APC to T helper cell

- Infected host cell to cytotoxic T cell

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58
Q

Which MHCs associate with which CD proteins?

A

MHC I - CD8

MHC II - CD4

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59
Q

Where does antigen presentation from APC to T helper cell usually occur?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

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60
Q

Which type of specific immunity needs antigen presentation from APC to T helper cells?

A

Both cell and antibody mediated immunity

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61
Q

What are the main APCs?

A

Dendritic cells (macrophages come next)

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62
Q

What is antigen processing?

A

Phagocytosis processes molecules of a pathogen down to its epitopes

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63
Q

What are the steps to antigen presentation by APCs to T helper cells?

A
  • Dendritic cell phagocytizes down to epitopes
  • Epitopes put into MHC II molecules
  • Epitopes and MHC II are presented to T helper cell
  • T helper cell recognizes same epitope via its receptor
  • T helper cell is activated
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64
Q

What is the purpose of antigen presentation by APCs to T helper cells?

A

To activate T helper cells to protect against the specific pathogen

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65
Q

Which type of specific immunity needs antigen presentation from infected host cells to cytotoxic T cells?

A

Cell mediated

66
Q

What are the steps of antigen presentation from infected host cells to cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • Infected host cell puts epitopes into MHC I
  • Epitope and MHC I are presented on surface of host cell
  • Cytotoxic T cell recognizes epitome via its receptor
  • Cytotoxic T cell kills infected host cell
67
Q

What is the purpose of antigen presentation by infected host cells to cytotoxic T cells?

A

Infected host cell targets itself as infected and eligible for killing by cytotoxic T cells

68
Q

When are MHC I and II proteins both bound to the same type of epitope?

A

Cell mediated immunity - infected host cell puts epitope in MHC I molecules to target itself, and APC puts epitope in MHC II molecules to present to helper T cells

69
Q

What happens during cell mediated immunity after helper T cells are activated?

A

Helper T undergoes clonal expansion and differentiation into effector cells

  • Effector cells find and activate cytotoxic T cells and memory cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells also undergo clonal expansion
  • Cytotoxic T cells kill infected host cells
70
Q

Why do the two antigen presenting processes have to occur simultaneously?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells can’t proliferate without helper T cells

- Antibodies can’t be produced without helper T cells

71
Q

What happens during the antibody mediated response after the APC phagocytes pathogens?

A
  • APC puts pathogen’s epitopes in MHC II
  • APC presents epitope to T helper cell to activate T cell
  • B cells bind to antigen via their specific membrane receptors
  • B cell endocytizes and processes antigen to epitopes
  • Epitopes are put in B cell’s MHC II
  • T helper cells secrete cytokines to activate B cells
  • Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion into plasma and memory cells
  • Plasma cells secrete antibody
72
Q

How many antibodies can a plasma cell secrete per second?

A

2000 antibodies per second, plasma cell lives for a few days

73
Q

What happens once B cells bind to an antigen?

A

B cell endocytizes pathogen and processes its epitopes so it can put them in the MHC II

74
Q

What do B cells need in order to be activated?

A

Cytokines from T hoper cells

75
Q

What happens once a B cell is activated?

A

It undergoes clonal expansion into plasma cells and memory cells

76
Q

How do the MHC and epitopes come together within a cell?

A

Vesicles containing MHC and vesicles containing the epitope fuse

77
Q

What are the two types of receptors located on the cytotoxic T cell?

A

Receptor for epitope complex as well as a coreceptor from CD*-MHC

78
Q

What is necessary in order for a cytotoxic T cell to undergo clonal expansion?

A

Must be activated by helper T

79
Q

What substances do helper T cells secrete in order to mediate the immune response?

A

Cytokines

80
Q

When a cytotoxic T cell is activated, what does it proliferate into?

A

More cytotoxic T but some memory T cells too

81
Q

What are the two enzymes that the cytotoxic T cell uses?

A

Perforin and granzyme

82
Q

What is perforin?

A

Makes a hole in the cell surface so granzyme can enter the pathogen

83
Q

What is granzyme?

A

Activates apoptosis in the cell

84
Q

Where does an infected cell put the epitope?

A

On its MHC I on the surface to mark itself as infected, so the cytotoxic T cell can kill it

85
Q

Where does an APC put the epitope?

A

In its MHC II to show the helper T cells that there is pathogen in the area

86
Q

What does part of the pathology of a disease involve, besides the damage done by the pathogen?

A

Damage due to the killing of our own infected cells

87
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes and APC/T helper cells

88
Q

How are T helper cells involved in humoral immunity?

A

B cells can internalize epitopes but they cannot activate themselves - they need helper T cells

89
Q

What cytokine does the helper T cell secrete after binding their CD4 receptors with MHC II receptors?

A

Interleukin 2

90
Q

What does interleukin 2 do?

A

Activates cytotoxic T cells and B cells

91
Q

What is the shape of a basic monomer antibody?

A

Y shaped

92
Q

What are the chains of the monomer antibody?

A

4 polypeptide chains - 2 heavy, 2 light

93
Q

What holds the polypeptide chains together in an antibody?

A

Disulfide bonds

94
Q

What are the globular functional domains of a chain of an antibody?

A

Constant
Variable
Hypervariable

95
Q

What is the constant region?

A

From carboxyl terminus of polypeptides to variable region

96
Q

Which regions are the same amino acid sequences from antibody to antibody?

A

Constant region

97
Q

What regions make up the Fc region?

A

Constant and variable regions

98
Q

What is the variable region?

A

Amino acid sequence varies from antibody to antibody made by different B cells

99
Q

What is the hyper variable region?

A

Unique amino acid sequence near amino end of polypeptides; varies from antibody to antibody made by different B cells; region includes the antigen binding site

100
Q

How many binding sites does the monomeric form of an antibody have?

A

2 identical binding sites

101
Q

How many binding sites does the dimeric form of an antibody have?

A

4 identical binding sites

102
Q

How many binding sites does the pentameric form of an antibody have?

A

10 identical binding sites

103
Q

What are the two monomer portions of a dimeric antibody held together by?

A

J chain polypeptide

104
Q

What are the five monomer portions of a pentameric antibody held together by?

A

J chain polypeptide

105
Q

Which antibodies all have identical antigen binding sites?

A

Antibodies made by the same B cell

106
Q

Can the same B cell make different classes of antibodies?

A

Yes, can potentially make five different classes of antibody, but each class will have the same antigen binding site

107
Q

What is the serum concentration of IgG?

A

13.5 mg/ml

108
Q

What is the serum concentration of IgM?

A

1.5 mg/ml

109
Q

What is the serum concentration of IgA?

A

3.5 mg/ml

110
Q

What is the serum concentration of IgD?

A

.03 mg/ml

111
Q

What is the serum concentration of IgE?

A

.00005 mg/ml

112
Q

What changes in an antibody when it goes from the membrane bound form to the free floating form?

A

Fc region changes

113
Q

What antibody classes are monomer forms?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD

114
Q

What antibody classes are dimer forms?

A

IgA

115
Q

What antibody classes are pentameric forms?

A

IgM

116
Q

What are two examples of a membrane bound antibody?

A

IgD - B cells

IgM - inactivated B cells

117
Q

What percentage of all antibodies in the blood serum are IgG?

A

80%

118
Q

What are the functions of IgG?

A
  • Opsonin
  • Activate complement
  • Bind to viruses and toxins to block their effects
119
Q

Where can IgG easily cross?

A

Easily crosses through the walls of blood vessels to enter the tissues
Can also cross the placenta

120
Q

What percentage of all antibodies in the blood serum are IgM?

A

5-10%

121
Q

On what cell is IgM usually located?

A

On surface of unactivated, naive, B cells

122
Q

Where is IgM usually located in the body, blood or tissues?

A

Usually stays in the blood vessels because it is too big to enter tissues

123
Q

What are the functions of IgM?

A

Activate complement

Opsonin

124
Q

Which antibody is usually the first to appear after an initial exposure to antigens?

A

IgM

125
Q

What percentage of all antibodies in the blood serum are IgA?

A

10-15%

126
Q

Where are IgA antibodies usually found?

A

In mucous membranes and body secretions

127
Q

What are some examples of body secretion that contain IgA?

A

Mucus
Saliva
Tears
Breast milk

128
Q

When is IgA a monomeric form?

A

Serum

129
Q

When is IgA a dimeric form?

A

Secretory

130
Q

What is the function of secretory IgA?

A

To prevent attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces

131
Q

What percentage of all antibodies in the blood serum are IgD?

A

.2%

132
Q

What percentage of all antibodies in the blood serum are IgE?

A

.002%

133
Q

What cells does IgE’s Fc region bind to?

A

Receptors on mast cells and basophils

134
Q

What happens when an antigen binds to the IgE antibodies on mast cells?

A

Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

135
Q

What kind of reaction results from the binding of an antigen to IgE on mast cells?

A

Type I hypersensitivity

136
Q

What substances does IgE attract to the site in case of parasitic worm larvae?

A

IgG
Phagocytes
NK cells

137
Q

Which antibodies can activate complement?

A

IgG and IgM

138
Q

Which antibodies can act as opsonins?

A

IgG and IgM

139
Q

Why is it easy for IgM to be the first antibody to appear at a site of infection?

A

Because it is already bound in the B cells membrane

140
Q

What Fc mechanism is found on antibodies, receptors or regions?

A

Fc Region found on antibody

141
Q

What Fc mechanism is found on cells, receptors or regions?

A

Fc receptors found on cells

142
Q

What is class switching?

A

The antibody can go from one class of antibody to another (IgG to IgM)

143
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Antibody binds to virus or toxin and prevents the pathogen from binding to receptors on the cell surface

144
Q

Why does an antibody inhibit transport proteins on cellular pathogens?

A

To inhibit growth and replication

145
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Antibody binds specifically to a pathogen and enhances phagocytosis

146
Q

How does opsonization enhance phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes have Fc receptors that bind to the Fc constant region of an antibody

147
Q

Why is phagocytosis a nonspecific defense, in terms of Fc regions and receptors?

A

All phagocytes have an Fc receptor - nonspecific
In the case of the Fc receptors on an antibody, the specific defense refers to the specific epitope the antibody is binding to (Fc region may be constant, but they bind to different epitopes on the other end of the molecule)

148
Q

What pathway do antibodies use to activate complement?

A

Classical pathway

149
Q

What is ADCC?

A

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity - any antibody bound specifically to an epitope on a pathogen can have a phagocyte bind to the Fc region and release cytotoxic chemicals into the pathogen

150
Q

How does an antibody function in the immune response?

A

IgE binds to receptors on mast cells and causes degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators

151
Q

What is the function of IgA at the body’s surfaces?

A

Binds to epitopes on the pathogen and prevents the pathogen from adhering to the body’s surface

152
Q

What is antibody agglutination?

A

Antibody binds to several pathogens and causes them to clumpy together

153
Q

How does agglutination of antibodies help phagocytosis?

A

Several pathogens are all clumped together in the same space - more efficient phagocytosis

154
Q

What is the primary response?

A

The first exposure to a specific pathogen

155
Q

How many days does it take to see an antibody in the primary response?

A

5-10 days

156
Q

What is necessary in the primary response in order for immunity to develop?

A

Memory cells form as a result from the primary exposure, causing immunity

157
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

Any subsequent exposure - if memory cells were formed, exposure to same pathogen should not reach the disease threshold

158
Q

What antibody is most associated with the primary response?

A

Spike in IgM, followed by IgG

159
Q

What antibody is most associated with the secondary response?

A

IgG

160
Q

How does the secondary response keep the body below the disease threshold?

A

Response is stronger and quicker due to memory and IgG

161
Q

Why don’t we see symptoms in secondary exposures?

A

Antibodies keep the pathogen below the disease threshold

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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