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From Flashcardlet > A&P Chapter 8 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways joints are classified?

A

Structure and function

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2
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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3
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Ampiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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4
Q

What are synarthroses joints?

A

Immovable joints

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5
Q

What are ampiarthroses joints?

A

Slightly movable

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6
Q

What are diarthroses joints?

A

Freely movable joints

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7
Q

What is structural classification of joints based on?

A

The material that binds the joints and the presence of a joint cavity

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8
Q

What is functional classification of joints based on?

A

Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint

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9
Q

What does less mobility do to the stability of the joint?

A

More stability

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10
Q

What is a fibrous joint’s functional classification?

A

Synarthroses - immovable

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11
Q

What is a synovial joint’s functional classification?

A

Diarthroses - freely movable

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12
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint’s functional classification?

A

Amphiarthroses - rigid or slightly movable

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13
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint where bones a held together by fibrous dense connective tissue

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14
Q

Does a fibrous joint have a joint cavity?

A

No

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15
Q

How much movement does a fibrous joint allow?

A

Little or no movement

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16
Q

What are three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Gomphoses
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17
Q

What is a suture?

A

Located between the bones of the skull - the wavy bone edges interlock filled with short CT fibers

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18
Q

What does a suture allow for in the skull in youth?

A

Allows for the brain to grow and the skull to expand

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19
Q

What is a synostoses?

A

Once the skull fuses and fibrous tissue ossifies

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20
Q

Does a suture allow for movement? Why?

A

Very immovable in order to protect the brain

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21
Q

What is a syndesmoses?

A

Bones are connected by ligaments

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22
Q

How does mobility vary in syndesmoses?

A

Movement depends on the length of ligament fibers

  • short CT fibers allow little to no movement
  • large CT fibers allow for much movement
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23
Q

What is an example of a syndesmoses?

A

The joint between a tibia and fibula

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24
Q

What is a gomphoses?

A

A peg in socket fibrous joint (embedded)

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25
Q

What is the only example of gomphoses?

A

Teeth in the bony alveolar socket, embedded in the periodontal ligament

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26
Q

Where are interosseous membranes located?

A

Radius-ulna

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27
Q

Where are there long fibers in syndesmoses?

A

Tibia-fibula

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28
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Articulating bones are united by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage)

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29
Q

Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?

A

No

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30
Q

Do cartilaginous joints allow for movement?

A

Allow for little movement

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31
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses

2. Symphyses

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32
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

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33
Q

Do synchondroses allow for movement?

A

No

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34
Q

What are some examples of synchondroses?

A
  1. Epiphyseal plates

2. Costal cartilage of first rib and manubrium

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35
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plates once the cartilage ossifies?

A

The synchondroses epiphyseal plates becomes a synotsis (suture)

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36
Q

What is a symphyses?

A

Fibrocartilage unites the joint

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37
Q

Do symphyses allow for movement?

A

Because fibrocartilage is compressible and acts as a shock absorber, it allows for little movement

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38
Q

What types of cartilage are present in symphyses?

A

Fibrocartilage unites the joint and hyaline cartilage lines the articular surface

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39
Q

What characteristics are symphyses designed for?

A

Strength with flexibility

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40
Q

What are some examples of symphyses?

A
  1. Intervertebral discs

2. Pubic symphysis

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41
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Articulating bones are separated by fluid-containing joint cavity

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42
Q

Do synovial joints allow for movement?

A

Allows for freedom of movement - always diarthroses

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43
Q

What are the most common type of joint?

A

Synovial

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44
Q

What are the four components of the structure of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Articular/Joint capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
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45
Q

What does articular cartilage do for synovial joints?

A

Hyaline covers opposing bone surfaces, absorbing compression placed on joint and reducing friction

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46
Q

What is the joint cavity of synovial joints?

A

The fluid filled space of the joint

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47
Q

What are the two layers of the joint capsule?

A
  1. External fibrous layer

2. Inner synovial membrane

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48
Q

What is the external fibrous layer of the joint capsule comprised of?

A

Dense irregular CT continuous with the periosteum

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49
Q

What does the external fibrous layer of the joint capsule do for the synovial joint?

A

It strengthens the joint so the bones aren’t pulled apart

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50
Q

What is the internal synovial membrane of the joint capsule comprised of?

A

Loose areolar CT

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51
Q

What does the internal synovial membrane of the joint capsule do for the synovial joint?

A

It covers all internal joint surface, encloses the synovial cavity, and makes fluid

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52
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Slippery fluid that occupies all spaces, secreted by the synovial membrane

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53
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

Makes the synovial fluid viscous

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54
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Lubricates surfaces and reduces friction
  2. Provides nutrients and removes waste from chondrocytes
  3. Phagocytes rid cavity of microbes and debris
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55
Q

What is weeping lubrication?

A

Synovial fluid is squeezed out of cartilage when joints compress, and when pressure is relieved, fluid is soaked back up

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56
Q

What does is mean if synovial fluid contains less than 2000 cells/mm3?

A

The synovial fluid is noninflammatory

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57
Q

What does is mean if synovial fluid contains more than 2000 cells/mm3?

A

The synovial fluid is affected by the inflammatory prcoess

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58
Q

What does is mean if synovial fluid contains a high leukocyte count?

A

There is a high suspicion of infection (100,000 cells/mm3)

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59
Q

What is synovial fluid aspiration?

A

A large needle is used to suck out a sample of synovial fluid

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60
Q

How are synovial joints reinforced and strengthened?

A

Ligaments

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61
Q

What are capsular ligaments?

A

Thickened part of the fibrous layer

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62
Q

What are extracapsular ligaments?

A

Remain distinct, not in capsule

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63
Q

What are intracapsular ligaments?

A

Deep to the capsule, lie within the fibrous capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane

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64
Q

Are synovial joints innervated/vasularized?

A

Yes

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65
Q

What do nerves detect in synovial joints?

A

Detect paint but mostly monitor joint position and stretch (sense of body posture and movements)

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66
Q

What structures cusion synovial joints?

A

Fatty pads in between the fibrous layer and synovial membrane

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67
Q

What do articular discs do for joints?

A

They allow bones of different shape to fit together tightly

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68
Q

What is an example of an articular disc?

A

Menisci

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69
Q

What is an articular disc?

A

A disc/wedge of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces, attached to fibrous capsule

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70
Q

What are two structures associated with synovial joints?

A

Bursae and tendon sheaths

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71
Q

What is a bursae?

A

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with a synovial membrane and a thin film of synovial fluid

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72
Q

Where are bursae located?

A
  1. Muscles
  2. Ligaments/tendons
  3. Skin
  4. Bones that rub together (knee/shoulder)
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73
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

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74
Q

Where are tendon sheaths common?

A

Where many tendons are crowded together in narrow canals, like the wrist

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75
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

A structure that keeps an organ/tissue in place

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76
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A connective tissue site where muscle attaches to bone

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77
Q

What is the enthesis?

A

The specific site where a muscle or ligament attaches to bone

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78
Q

What are the three factors that affect the stability of synovial joints?

A
  1. Shape of articular surface
  2. Number and positioning of ligaments
  3. Muscle tone
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79
Q

Why must synovial joints be stabilized?

A

So they don’t dislocate from constant stretching and compression

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80
Q

How does the shape of articular surface affect the stability of synovial joints?

A

The shape determines what movements are possible

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81
Q

What shape of articular surfaces increase the stability of synovial joints?

A

When articular surfaces are large and fit snugly

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82
Q

How do the number and positioning of ligaments increase stability in synovial joints?

A

They unite bone and prevent undesirable motion, The more ligaments present, strength and stability increases

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83
Q

Why aren’t ligaments enough to provide stability to joints?

A

When ligaments are the only source of stability, they stretch out and snap

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84
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The lower levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles that keep them healthy and ready to react to stimulation

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85
Q

What structures are the most important in stabilization?

A

Muscle tendons that cross the joint

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86
Q

What is the origin?

A

Where the muscle attaches to the immovable bone

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87
Q

What is the insertion?

A

Where the muscle attaches to the movable bone

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88
Q

What happens to the origin and insertion when a muscle contracts?

A

The insertion moves towards the origin

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89
Q

What terms are used to describe directional movement?

A

Relative to axes - transverse, sagittal, and frontal

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90
Q

What is nonaxial movement?

A

Slipping movement only (no axis)

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91
Q

What is uniaxial movement?

A

Movement in one plane

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92
Q

What is biaxial movement?

A

Movement in two planes

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93
Q

What is multiaxial movement?

A

Movement around all three planes

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94
Q

What is gliding movement?

A

Flat bone surfaces glide over one another (back and forth, side to side)

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95
Q

What are some examples of gliding movement?

A
  1. Intercarpal/tarsal joints

2. Flat articular processes in vertebrae

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96
Q

What is angular movement?

A

Increased or decreased angle between two bones

97
Q

What planes does angular movement occur in?

A

All planes of the body

98
Q

What is flexon and what plane does it occur in?

A

Bending of a joint, usually occurring in the sagittal plane

99
Q

What does flexon do to the angle of the joint?

A

Decreases the angle

100
Q

What does flexon do to the location of the bones of the joint?

A

Brings the bones closer together

101
Q

What is extension and what plane does it occur in?

A

Reverse of flexon, it extends a joint, usually occurring in the sagittal plane

102
Q

What does extension do to the angle of the joint?

A

Increases the angle

103
Q

What does extension do to the location of the bones of the joint?

A

Puts the bones farther away from one another (straightens flexed limb)

104
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Movement beyond anatomical position

105
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of the limb away from the midline

106
Q

What plane does abduction occur in?

A

Frontal

107
Q

What are two examples of abduction?

A

Raising the arm laterally, spreading your fingers apart

108
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline

109
Q

What plane does adduction occur in?

A

Frontal

110
Q

What are two examples of adduction?

A

Lowering the arm medially, bringing your fingers together

111
Q

What is circumduction?

A

The distal end of a limb moves in a circle

112
Q

What does circumduction consist of?

A

Flexon, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession

113
Q

What is rotation?

A

The turning of a bone around its axis

114
Q

What are some examples of rotation?

A

Cervical vertebrae, hip, shoulder

115
Q

What is supination?

A

Rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces superiorly or anteriorly

116
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces inferiorly or posteriorly

117
Q

What is dosiflexon?

A

Lifting the foot so the superior surface approaches the shin

118
Q

What is plantar flexon?

A

Pointing the toes

119
Q

What is inversion?

A

The sole of the foot turns medially

120
Q

What is eversion?

A

The sole of the foot turns laterally

121
Q

Which movement results in the radius and ulna making an X after rotation?

A

Pronation

122
Q

What is protraction?

A

Anterior movement in a transverse plane (jutting of the jaw)

123
Q

What is retraction?

A

Posterior movement in a transverse plane

124
Q

What is elevation?

A

Lifting a body part

125
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving a body part inferiorly

126
Q

What movements does chewing alternate?

A

Elevation/depression

127
Q

What is opposition?

A

The saddle joint between a metacarpal and the trapezium (allows the thumb to grasp)

128
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condylar
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
129
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Nonaxial movement - flat articular surfaces glide

130
Q

What are some examples of a plane joint?

A

Intercarpal/tarsals, between the vertebrae

131
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial movement (cylinder/trough structure)

132
Q

What are some examples of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow (trochlear notch of ulna and humerus)

Interphalangeal joints

133
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Uniaxial (sleeve around an axle structure)

134
Q

What is the sleeve and what is the axle of a pivot joint?

A

The sleeve is the ligaments and the axel is the rounded bone

135
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Proximal radioulnar joints

136
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

Biaxial movement (oval articular surfaces)

137
Q

What movements do condylar joints make?

A

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

138
Q

What are some examples of condylar joints?

A 
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)
Wrist joints
139
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Biaxial movement (horse saddle structure)

140
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Carpometacarpal joint in the thumb (first metacarpal with the trapezium)

141
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Multiaxial movement (rounded head in socket)

142
Q

What are some examples of ball and socket joints?

A

Hips

Shoulders

143
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

A modified hinge joint (the femur can rotate inwards and lock)

144
Q

What bones are components of the knee?

A

Femur, tibia, patella

145
Q

What are the three knee joints?

A
  1. Femoropatellar joint
  2. Tibiofemoral
  3. Menisci
146
Q

Why doesn’t the ankle have a joint classification?

A

It has so many articulations (tibia, fibula, talus)

147
Q

What does the menisci do?

A
  1. Prevents side to side rocking of femur on tibia

2. Absorbs shock transmitted to knee

148
Q

Why is the menisci torn frequently?

A

Because it is only attached at the outer regions of the knee

149
Q

What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral?

A

Acts like a hinge joint, structured condylar joint

150
Q

What kind of joint is the femoropatellar?

A

Plane joint

151
Q

What does the tibiofemoral joint do?

A

Allows some rotation with the knee flexed or extended, but does not allow side movement or rotation when it is fully flexed

152
Q

What structures prevent hyperextension of the knee?

A

The capsular and extracapsular ligaments

153
Q

What does the knee joint lack?

A

Knee’s joint cavity is only partially enclosed in the capsule, allowing ligaments to run from the patella to the tibia

154
Q

What structures are abundant in the knee?

A

Bursae

155
Q

Which joint is the most freely moving of the body? Therefore, what does it sacrifice?

A

Shoulder, stability

156
Q

What kind of joint is the shoulder?

A

Ball and socket

157
Q

What is the shoulder joint called? What are the articulating surfaces?

A

Glenohumeral joint; head of the humerus with the small glenoid fossa of the scapula

158
Q

What is the super stabilizer of the shoulder joint?

A

The tendon of the bisceps brachii muscle crossing over the shoulder

159
Q

What is the rotator cuff?

A

Encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule

160
Q

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Subscapularis
  4. Teres minor
161
Q

What is a labrum, and what joints have them?

A

A lip around the joint, located in the glenoid fossa and the acetabulum

162
Q

Which joint is more stable, the hip or the shoulder?

A

The hip

163
Q

What kind of joint is a hip?

A

Ball and socket

164
Q

What is movement in the hip limited by?

A

Strong ligaments and deep socket

165
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the hip joint?

A

The head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis

166
Q

Why are hip dislocations rare?

A

Because the articulating surfaces fit together so tightly in the deep socket

167
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge

168
Q

What are the articulating bones of the elbow?

A

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

169
Q

What type of movement occurs at the elbow?

A

Flexon/extension

170
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

Temporomandibular joint (the jaw)

171
Q

What kind of joint is a TMJ?

A

A modified hinge

172
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the TMJ?

A

The condyle of the mandible and the squamosal region of temporal bone (mandibular fossa)

173
Q

What structure protects the mandibular condyle from penetrating the thin roof of the mandibular fossa?

A

Fibrocartilaginous disc

174
Q

What movements occur at the TMJ?

A

Elevation/depression

Side to side

175
Q

What are three common joint injuries?

A
  1. Tearing of cartilage
  2. Sprains
  3. Dislocation
176
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa usually caused by a blow or friction (water on the knee)

177
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths usually caused by over use

178
Q

What is arthritis?

A

100 different types of inflammation or degenerative diseases that damage joints

179
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own tissues

180
Q

Which movement results in the radius and ulna making an X after rotation?

A

Pronation

181
Q

What is protraction?

A

Anterior movement in a transverse plane (jutting of the jaw)

182
Q

What is retraction?

A

Posterior movement in a transverse plane

183
Q

What is elevation?

A

Lifting a body part

184
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving a body part inferiorly

185
Q

What movements does chewing alternate?

A

Elevation/depression

186
Q

What is opposition?

A

The saddle joint between a metacarpal and the trapezium (allows the thumb to grasp)

187
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condylar
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
188
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Nonaxial movement - flat articular surfaces glide

189
Q

What are some examples of a plane joint?

A

Intercarpal/tarsals, between the vertebrae

190
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial movement (cylinder/trough structure)

191
Q

What are some examples of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow (trochlear notch of ulna and humerus)

Interphalangeal joints

192
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Uniaxial (sleeve around an axle structure)

193
Q

What is the sleeve and what is the axle of a pivot joint?

A

The sleeve is the ligaments and the axel is the rounded bone

194
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Proximal radioulnar joints

195
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

Biaxial movement (oval articular surfaces)

196
Q

What movements do condylar joints make?

A

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

197
Q

What are some examples of condylar joints?

A 
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)
Wrist joints
198
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Biaxial movement (horse saddle structure)

199
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

Carpometacarpal joint in the thumb (first metacarpal with the trapezium)

200
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Multiaxial movement (rounded head in socket)

201
Q

What are some examples of ball and socket joints?

A

Hips

Shoulders

202
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

A modified hinge joint (the femur can rotate inwards and lock)

203
Q

What bones are components of the knee?

A

Femur, tibia, patella

204
Q

What are the three knee joints?

A
  1. Femoropatellar joint
  2. Tibiofemoral
  3. Menisci
205
Q

Why doesn’t the ankle have a joint classification?

A

It has so many articulations (tibia, fibula, talus)

206
Q

What does the menisci do?

A
  1. Prevents side to side rocking of femur on tibia

2. Absorbs shock transmitted to knee

207
Q

Why is the menisci torn frequently?

A

Because it is only attached at the outer regions of the knee

208
Q

What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral?

A

Acts like a hinge joint, structured condylar joint

209
Q

What kind of joint is the femoropatellar?

A

Plane joint

210
Q

What does the tibiofemoral joint do?

A

Allows some rotation with the knee flexed or extended, but does not allow side movement or rotation when it is fully flexed

211
Q

What structures prevent hyperextension of the knee?

A

The capsular and extracapsular ligaments

212
Q

What does the knee joint lack?

A

Knee’s joint cavity is only partially enclosed in the capsule, allowing ligaments to run from the patella to the tibia

213
Q

What structures are abundant in the knee?

A

Bursae

214
Q

Which joint is the most freely moving of the body? Therefore, what does it sacrifice?

A

Shoulder, stability

215
Q

What kind of joint is the shoulder?

A

Ball and socket

216
Q

What is the shoulder joint called? What are the articulating surfaces?

A

Glenohumeral joint; head of the humerus with the small glenoid fossa of the scapula

217
Q

What is the super stabilizer of the shoulder joint?

A

The tendon of the bisceps brachii muscle crossing over the shoulder

218
Q

What is the rotator cuff?

A

Encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule

219
Q

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Subscapularis
  4. Teres minor
220
Q

What is a labrum, and what joints have them?

A

A lip around the joint, located in the glenoid fossa and the acetabulum

221
Q

Which joint is more stable, the hip or the shoulder?

A

The hip

222
Q

What kind of joint is a hip?

A

Ball and socket

223
Q

What is movement in the hip limited by?

A

Strong ligaments and deep socket

224
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the hip joint?

A

The head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis

225
Q

Why are hip dislocations rare?

A

Because the articulating surfaces fit together so tightly in the deep socket

226
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge

227
Q

What are the articulating bones of the elbow?

A

Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

228
Q

What type of movement occurs at the elbow?

A

Flexon/extension

229
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

Temporomandibular joint (the jaw)

230
Q

What kind of joint is a TMJ?

A

A modified hinge

231
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the TMJ?

A

The condyle of the mandible and the squamosal region of temporal bone (mandibular fossa)

232
Q

What structure protects the mandibular condyle from penetrating the thin roof of the mandibular fossa?

A

Fibrocartilaginous disc

233
Q

What movements occur at the TMJ?

A

Elevation/depression

Side to side

234
Q

What are three common joint injuries?

A
  1. Tearing of cartilage
  2. Sprains
  3. Dislocation
235
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa usually caused by a blow or friction (water on the knee)

236
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths usually caused by over use

237
Q

What is arthritis?

A

100 different types of inflammation or degenerative diseases that damage joints

238
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own tissues

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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