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From Flashcardlet > A&P Chapter 13 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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2
Q

What do the horns of the spinal column form?

A

Columns that run the length of the spinal cord

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3
Q

What types of cell bodies are in the spinal cord’s gray matter (uni, bi, multipolar)?

A

Multipolar

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4
Q

What types of neurons are in the dorsal horns?

A

Interneurons

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5
Q

What types of neurons are in the ventral horns?

A

Mostly somatic motor neurons

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6
Q

What does the amount of ventral gray matter present reflect?

A

The amount of skeletal muscle that area innervates

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7
Q

Is a dorsal root efferent or afferent? Sensory or motor?

A

Afferent - sensory

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8
Q

Do impulses come to or from the dorsal root?

A

Impulses from the Peripheral sensory receptors come to the dorsal root

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9
Q

Where is the cell body of the dorsal axon located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

What are the four zones of the spinal cord gray matter?

A
  1. Somatic sensory
  2. Somatic motor
  3. Visceral sensory
  4. Visceral motor
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11
Q

What does decussation mean?

A

Pathways cross from one side of the CNS to the other

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12
Q

What does relay mean?

A

Pathway consists of a chain of 2 or 3 neurons

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13
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

A precise spatial relationship reflecting the orderly mapping of the body

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14
Q

What are the white matter columns?

A
  1. Ventral
  2. Dorsal
  3. Lateral
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15
Q

How many neurons are typically involved in an ascending pathway?

A

3 neurons

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16
Q

Where do ascending pathways impulses go?

A

Impulses are transmitted via the thalamus to the sensory cortex for conscious interpretation

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17
Q

How many sensory receptors send input to the dorsal column?

A

The dorsal column mediates precise transmission of inputs from a single type of sensory receptor

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18
Q

Where does the dorsal column send impulses?

A

To a localized, precise location on the body surface

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19
Q

What are the names of the paired tracts of dorsal white columns?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis

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20
Q

Where does the fasciculus cuneatus send impulses?

A

Upper limbs, upper trunk and neck

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21
Q

Where does the fasciculus gracilis send impulses?

A

Lower limbs and lower trunk

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22
Q

Where do impulses for the dorsal column come from?

A

Thalamus

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23
Q

What are the impulses from the dorsal column interpreted as?

A

Touch, pleasure, and body sense

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24
Q

How many sensory receptors send input to the spinalthalamic tract?

A

The spinalthalamic tract receives input from many types of sensory receptors and makes multiple synapses in the brain stem

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25
Q

Where does the spinalthalamic tract synapse in the brain stem?

A

Lateral and ventral spinothalamic tracts

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26
Q

What are the impulses from the spinalthalamic tract interpreted as?

A

Coarse touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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27
Q

Can you pinpoint the area where a spinalthalamic impulse is targeting on the skin?

A

No, you are aware of it but have trouble locating it precisely

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28
Q

What is the name of the major direct descending pathway?

A

Corticospinal tract

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29
Q

What does the corticospinal tract do?

A

Regulates fast and fine (skilled) movement like writing or needlework

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30
Q

Where do direct pathways originate?

A

Pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyrus

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31
Q

What do spinal reflexes often occur without?

A

The direct involvement of higher brain centers

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32
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Highly specific neural path over which a reflex occurs

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33
Q

What are the five components of a reflex arc?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
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34
Q

What happens at the receptor in a spinal reflex?

A

Site of stimulus action

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35
Q

What does the sensory neuron do in a spinal reflex?

A

Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS

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36
Q

What is the integration center of a spinal reflex?

A

May be a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons - monosynaptic reflex
May be multiple synapses with chain of interneurons - polysynaptic reflex

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37
Q

What does the motor neuron do in a spinal reflex?

A

Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to the effector organ

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38
Q

What is the effector?

A

A muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

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39
Q

What does a somatic reflex activate?

A

Skeletal muscle

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40
Q

What does an autonomic or visceral reflex activate?

A

Smooth or cardiac muscle or glands

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41
Q

What does the system need to know before the reflex occurs?

A

The length or the muscles and the amount of tension in the muscle and associated tendon

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42
Q

What structure tells the system the length of the muscle?

A

Muscle spindle

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43
Q

What structure tells the system the amount of tension in the muscle?

A

Tendons

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44
Q

What part of the muscle fiber lacks myofilaments and contractibility?

A

The center

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45
Q

What is an anulospiral ending?

A

The ending of large axons wrap around the spindle center

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46
Q

What is an anulospiral ending stimulated by?

A

Rate and degree of stretch

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47
Q

What is a flower spray ending?

A

Small axon that supplies the spindle’s ends

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48
Q

What is a flower spray ending stimulated by?

A

The degree of stretch only

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49
Q

Where is the contractile region of the muscle spindle?

A

The ends

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50
Q

What do gamma efferent fibers do for the muscle spindle?

A

Maintain spindle sensitivity

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51
Q

What do alpha efferent fibers do for the muscle spindle?

A

Stimulate extrafusal fibers to contract

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52
Q

What does the stretch reflex ensure?

A

That the muscle stays at the right length

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53
Q

What is activated when a muscle stretches?

A

Sensory neurons of the muscle spindle are activated and transmit impulses at an increased frequency to the spinal cord

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54
Q

What do the sensory neurons in the spinal cord synapse with?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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55
Q

What happens when the sensory neurons of the spinal cord synapse with alpha motor neurons?

A

The alpha motor neuron rapidly excites the extrafusal muscle fibers of the stretched muscle

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56
Q

What happens to the extrafusal muscle fibers when the alpha motor neuron excites it?

A

The reflexive muscle contraction resists further muscle stretching

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57
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

Branches of afferent fibers synpase with interneurons that inhibit motor neurons of antagonist muscles so they cannot resist the shortening of the stretched muscle

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58
Q

Is a stretch reflex mono/polysynaptic and ipsi/bilateral?

A

Monosynaptic and ipsilateral

59
Q

What two things does a stretch reflex test detect?

A
  1. Sensory and motor connections between the muscle and the spinal cord are intact
  2. Vigor of response indicates the degree of excitability of the spinal cord
60
Q

How does the knee jerk reaction start?

A

Tapping the patellar ligament stretches the quads and excites the muscle spindles

61
Q

What happens once the muscle spindles are excited?

A

Afferent impulses travel to the spinal cord where synapses occur with motor and interneurons

62
Q

What do motor neurons then do?

A

Motor neurons send activating impulses to the quad causing contraction, extending the knee

63
Q

What happens to the hamstrings when the knee extends?

A

Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with ventral horn neurons that prevent the antagonist muscle (hamstrings) from resisting the contraction of the quads

64
Q

What reflex is associated with the withdrawal reflex?

A

Crost extension reflex

65
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

All neural structures outside of the brain and spinal cord - spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

66
Q

What does a nerve look like?

A

Parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by a wrapping of connective tissue

67
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Loose CT surrounding each axon and the associated Schwann cells

68
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Coarser CT wrapping binding the fibers into fascicles

69
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Tough fibrous sheath that encloses all the fascicles to form a nerve

70
Q

What are the components of a nerve?

A

Axons, myelin, protective CT wrappings, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

71
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Contain both motor and sensory fibers and transmit impulses both to and from the CNS

72
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

They carry impulses away from the CNS

73
Q

What is another name for a motor nerve?

A

Efferent

74
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

Carry impulses towards the CNS

75
Q

What is another name for a sensory nerve?

A

Afferent

76
Q

What is the most common type of nerve?

A

Mixed, purely motor or sensory is rare

77
Q

What are the four types of mixed nerves?

A

Somatic afferent
Somatic efferent
Visceral afferent
Visceral efferent

78
Q

What distinguishes cranial and spinal nerves?

A

Where they arise

79
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Neuron cell bodies in the PNS

80
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Neuron cell bodies in the CNS

81
Q

Are spinal nerves motor, sensory, or mixed?

A

All mixed

82
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

83
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

84
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

85
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

86
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 tiny one

87
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

The first 7 pairs exit superior to the vertebrae

C8 and below exit inferior to the vertebrae (same number as their vertebrae)

88
Q

Where does the spinal nerve connect to the spinal cord?

A

By the dorsal and ventral root

89
Q

What types of fibers are ventral roots?

A

Motor efferent fibers

90
Q

Where do ventral roots innervate?

A

Skeletal muscles

91
Q

What types of fibers are dorsal roots?

A

Sensory afferent fibers

92
Q

Where do dorsal roots innervate?

A

Conduct impulses from the peripheral receptors to the spinal cord

93
Q

Where do the dorsal and ventral roots unite to form the spinal nerve?

A

Distal from the dorsal root ganglion just before exiting the intervertebral foramen

94
Q

Is a spinal nerve short or long?

A

Short

95
Q

What does the spinal nerve divide into?

A
  1. Dorsal ramus
    2 Ventral ramus
  2. Meningeal branch
96
Q

What does the meningeal branch of the spinal nerve do?

A

Reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and the blood vessels within

97
Q

What is the rami communicantes?

A

Contains autonomic nerve fibers that attach to the base of the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves

98
Q

What do the dorsal rami supply?

A

Posterior body trunk

99
Q

What do the ventral rami supply?

A

The anterior body trunk and the limbs

100
Q

Which rami form the plexuses?

A

Ventral rami

101
Q

What is the difference between a root and a ramus?

A

Root - lies medial to and forms the spinal nerves (strictly sensory or motor)
Ramus - lies distal to and are lateral branches of the spinal nerves (both sensory and motor)

102
Q

What makes up a nerve plexus?

A

Ventral rami branch and join one another lateral to the vertebral column

103
Q

What are the four plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
104
Q

How many spinal nerve fibers supply a plexus?

A

Many

105
Q

Do fibers from the plexuses travel to the body in one specific route or many different routes?

A

Many different routes

106
Q

What nerves comprise the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5

107
Q

What do cutaneous nerves supply?

A

The skin

108
Q

What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve

109
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

Diaphragm

110
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve receive from?

A

C3-5 (3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive)

111
Q

What does the ansa cervicalis supply?

A

Small neck muscles

112
Q

What nerves comprise the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

113
Q

What areas of the body does the brachial plexus supply?

A

Neck, shoulder, arm

114
Q

Where can you palpate the brachial plexus?

A

Superior to the clavicle at the lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid

115
Q

How does the brachial plexus divide?

A

Roots - trunks - divisions - cords (really tired? drink coffee!)

116
Q

What do brachial roots divide into?

A

Upper, middle, and lower trunks

117
Q

What do the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

118
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior divisions supply?

A

Anterior - front of limb

Posterior - back of limb

119
Q

What do the divisions of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

Lateral, medial, and posterior cords

120
Q

What are the five nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Auxillary
  2. Musculocutaneous
  3. Median
  4. Ulnar
  5. Radial
121
Q

What does the auxillary nerve innervate?

A
  • The deltoid and teres minor

- The skin and joint capsule of the shoulder

122
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?

A
  • Motor fibers to the biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
  • Provides cutaneous sensation in the lateral forearm
123
Q

What does the median nerve innervate?

A
  • 5 intrinsic muscles of the lateral palm

- Activates muscles that pronate the forearm, flex the wrist and fingers, and oppose the thumb

124
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnairs and medial flexor digitorum profundus
  • Innervates most of the intrinsic hand muscles and the skin of the medial aspect of the hand
  • Causes wrist and fingers to flex and ab/ducts the medial fingers
125
Q

What does the radial nerve supply?

A
  • Posterior skin of the limb along entirety
  • Motor branches innervate all extensor muscles of the upper limb
  • Extends the elbow, supinates forearm, extends wrist and fingers, abducts the thumb
126
Q

What is the largest nerve of the brachial plexus?

A

Radial nerve

127
Q

What plexuses overlap?

A

Lumbar and sacral

128
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus innervate in general?

A

Lower limb, abs, pelvis, and buttocks

129
Q

What is the most important nerve of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

130
Q

What does the femoral nerve divide into?

A

Motor and cutaneous branches

131
Q

What does the motor branches of the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Quadriceps

132
Q

What do the cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Skin of anterior thing and medial surface of the leg from knee to foot

133
Q

What nerves comprise the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L5

134
Q

What nerves comprise the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S3

135
Q

What does the sacral plexus serve?

A

Buttocks and lower limb, pelvic structures, perineurium

136
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

137
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

The entire lower limb

138
Q

What two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial and common fibular nerves wrapped in a common CT sheath

139
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve leave the pelvis?

A

The greater sciatic notch

140
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply?

A

Posterior compartment muscles of the leg and skin of posterior calf and sole of foot

141
Q

What does the common fibular nerve supply?

A

Innervates the knee joint, skin of anterior and lateral leg, and dorsum of the foot

142
Q

What do the gluteal nerves supply?

A

Buttocks and tensor fasciae lata

143
Q

What does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Muscle and skin of the perineum, stimulates erections, controls urination

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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