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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Lab Exercise 2 > Flashcards

2 A&P II Lab Exercise 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which element of blood carries most chemical substances from one organ to another?

A

The liquid plasma

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2
Q

What is the most common blood test completed?

A

CBC Complete Blood Count

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3
Q

What elements are included in the CBC? (6)

A 
Count of RBC
Count of WBC
Differential of WBC
Hemoglobin level
Hematocrit
Tests for clotting factors
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4
Q

What agglutinogen tests are most common?

A

ABO group and Rh group

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5
Q

What are the four major blood types in the ABO group?

A

A, B, AB, and O

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6
Q

What is another word for antigen?

A

Agglutinogen

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7
Q

What type of antigens does type A blood have?

A

A

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8
Q

What type of antigens does type b blood have?

A

B

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9
Q

What type of antigens does type AB blood have?

A

AB

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10
Q

What type of antigens does type O blood have?

A

None

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11
Q

Where are the antigens in the RBC?

A

On the cell membrane

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12
Q

What is another word for antibody?

A

Agglutinin

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13
Q

Where are antibodies found for RBCs?

A

The plasma

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14
Q

What type of antibodies does type A blood have?

A

Anti B

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15
Q

What type of antibodies does type B blood have?

A

Anti A

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16
Q

What type of antibodies does type AB blood have?

A

None

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17
Q

What type of antibodies does type O blood have?

A

Anti A and Anti B

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18
Q

What is the common antigen tested in Rh groups?

A

Antigen D

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19
Q

What does it mean if someone is Rh positive?

A

Their RBCs have the D agglutinogen

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20
Q

What does it mean if someone is Rh negative?

A

Their RBCs do not have the D agglutinogen

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21
Q

What antibodies are present in Rh positive blood?

A

None

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22
Q

What antibodies are present in Rh negative blood?

A

None

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23
Q

Why do people not have anti Rh antibodies?

A

Under normal condition, anti Rh antibodies are not formed after birth, so an Rh positive person does not have anti Rh antibodies normally in their plasma

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24
Q

What happens if an antigen and antibody of the same letter are mixed?

A

An agglutination reaction

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25
Q

What does agglutinate mean?

A

For example, A antigens and anti A antibodies will agglutinate, or clump together.

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26
Q

What is it called when mismatched blood is mixed?

A

A transfusion reaction

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27
Q

What can happen if RBCs start to agglutinate?

A

They clump together and can clog small vessels

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28
Q

What happens if red cells are broken apart by phagocytes after agglutination?

A

Hemoglobin is released, which may block the kidney tubules and cause kidney failure

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29
Q

What would cause a transfusion reaction in terms of Rh blood?

A

If Rh positive blood is introduced into an Rh negative person

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30
Q

What does Rh stand for?

A

Rhesus monkey

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31
Q

What would happen if an Rh negative mother is pregnant with an Rh positive fetus?

A

She may produce anti Rh antibodies if some o the fetus’s Rh antigens pass through the placenta or enter her circulation during birth

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32
Q

What might happen during the mother’s next pregnancy? What is this condition called?

A

If the mother is Rh negative and has another Rh positive fetus, her antibodies may cross the placenta and destroy the fetus’s RBCs, called erthroblastosis fetalis

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33
Q

What is RhoGAM?

A

A serum that can be given to the mother shortly before and after she gives birth to block the mother’s immune response by agglutinating the Rh factor and providing a temporary acquired immunity

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34
Q

What type of blood have you tested if you have agglutination on the left and none on the right?

A

Type A

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35
Q

What type of blood have you tested if you have none on the left and agglutination on the right?

A

Type B

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36
Q

What type of blood have you tested if you have agglutination on the left and on the right?

A

Type AB

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37
Q

What type of blood have you tested if you have nothing on the left and on the right?

A

Type O

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38
Q

Why is there no agglutination occurring with type O blood?

A

Since type O has no antigens, it does not agglutinate with either of the Anti A or Anti B antibodies

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39
Q

Why is there agglutination occurring on both sides with AB blood?

A

Because type AB has both antigens, it is agglutinating with both antibodies

40
Q

What does it mean if you see agglutination with the Rh group serum?

A

It is Rh positive because the Rh antigens are agglutinating with the anti Rh antibodies

41
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

The percentage of red blood cells in a whole blood sample

42
Q

What is the percentage of hematocrit?

A

45%

43
Q

What is the percentage of leukocytes in the blood volume?

A

Less than 1%

44
Q

What is the percentage of plasma in the blood volume?

A

55%

45
Q

How is the blood’s volume distribution demonstrated?

A

By spinning a sample of blood in a centrifuge - the heavier RBCs settle to the bottom, the WBCs are in the thin layer of buffy coat, and the light plasma sits on top

46
Q

What is the normal hematocrit range for males?

A

38-52% (average 45%)

47
Q

What is the normal hematocrit range for females?

A

37-47% (average 42%)

48
Q

What does a low hematocrit indicate?

A

Anemia

49
Q

What is anemia?

A

A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is lowered

50
Q

What does a higher than normal hematocrit indicate?

A

Polycythemia, an abnormal excess of RBCs

51
Q

How do you determine the amount of hemoglobin in the blood?

A

Divide the hematocrit by 3

52
Q

What is the average range of hemoglobin content for females?

A

12-15 g/100 ml of blood

53
Q

What is the average range of hemoglobin content for males?

A

13-16 g/100 ml of blood

54
Q

Where can clotting factors be found?

A

The blood, injured tissues, or platelets

55
Q

When injury occurs, what substance do platelets release?

A

Thromboplastin

56
Q

What does thromboplastin do?

A

It interacts with several other factors resulting in production of prothrombin activator

57
Q

What substance is needed in order for thromboplastin to activate the prothrombin activator?

A

Calcium

58
Q

What does the prothrombin activator do?

A

It converts prothrombin into thrombin

59
Q

Where is prothrombin found?

A

In the plasma

60
Q

What soluble protein is also found in the plasma?

A

Fibrinogen

61
Q

How does thrombin act as a catalyst?

A

It converts fibrinogen into strands of fibrin

62
Q

What is a simple summary of the final steps of the conversion cascade?

A

Prothrombin activator is formed
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

63
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A person is missing a clotting factor from the cascade

64
Q

What is considered thrombocytopenia?

A

Less than 150,000 platelets

65
Q

What happens when a person’s platelet levels drop below 20,000?

A

Spontaneous bleeding

66
Q

What can we do if a person has an autoimmune blood disorder?

A

Try taking out the spleen, because the spleen is the organ that destroys blood cells

67
Q

What is petechiae?

A

Red or purple pinpoint dots that indicate bleeding beneath the skin and vascular instability

68
Q

What is perpura?

A

Petechiae group together to make what looks like a bruise

69
Q

What are petechiae indicators of?

A

-penia disorders

70
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process of stopping bleeding

71
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug
  3. Coagulation cascade
72
Q

What is a vascular spasm?

A

The vessel constricts itself to slow the flow of blood

73
Q

What happens to platelets when they form a platelet plug?

A

The activated platelets change shape into spiky and sticky forms in order to create an immature clot

74
Q

What substance initiates the platelet plug, and where is it produced?

A

Thrombopoietin, produced in the liver

75
Q

When is a mature clot formed?

A

During the coagulation cascade

76
Q

How long does it take for blood coagulation to occur?

A

Within 2-6 minutes after a simple cut to the skin

77
Q

Why is the liver considered when measuring coagulation time?

A

Because the liver produces many clotting factors

78
Q

What are some examples of anticoagulants?

A

Heparin, warfarin, and coumadin

79
Q

What are the two pathways in the coagulation cascade?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

80
Q

Which pathway is most common in the coagulation cascade?

A

Extrinsic

81
Q

What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?

A

Intrinsic is found in the blood, extrinsic occurs outside of the blood

82
Q

What is the merging point of the two pathways?

A

At factor X

83
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

XII, XI, IX, VIII, X

84
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

Tissue factor, VII, X

85
Q

What is the final common pathway?

A

X, V, Prothrombin to Thrombin, Fibrinogen to Fibrin

86
Q

Which coagulant is subcutaneously administered?

A

Heparin

87
Q

Which coagulants are administered per os?

A

Coumadin and warfarin

88
Q

What factor makes fibrin mature and stabilize at the end of the final common pathway?

A

VIIIa

89
Q

What is missing in a person with Hemophilia A?

A

Clotting factor XIII

90
Q

What can happen to a person with hemophilia?

A

They can bleed anywhere in the body, especially into joints

91
Q

What is the treatment for a patient with Hemophilia A?

A

Giving synthetic factor XIII

92
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A

Platelets are not as likely to coagulate in the person’s vessels

93
Q

What test is used to monitor heparin treatments?

A

PTT

94
Q

What test is used to monitor coumadin treatments?

A

PT

95
Q

What is another name for a PT test?

A

INR (international normalized ratio)

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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