Anatomy 1 Flashcards
What is regional anatomy?
Based on divisions or regions of the body, emphasizing the relationship of components in that region
What are variations in anatomy due to?
- Gender
- Race
- Age, etc.
What position is the body in when we apply terms to it?
Anatomical position
What is the anatomical position?
Head, gaze, and toes directed anteriorly, arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly, lower limbs close together with feet parallel
What happens to structures when a patient is lying in surgery?
Structures are located more superiorly - when erect, structures are more inferior due to gravity
What is the term for the sagittal plane?
Median
What is the median plane?
Divides into left and right
What is the frontal/coronal plane?
Divides into ventral and dorsal
What is the horizontal/transverse/axial plane?
Divides into cross sections
What is the oblique plane?
Plane not parallel to one of the cardinal planes
What is an example of when the oblique plane is useful?
The division between the false and true pelvis lies in an oblique plane and has many structures
How are we viewing a patient in a CT?
As if you are viewing from the feet and supine - patient’s left is on the right of the scan
Rostral
Towards the beak - used for nervous system
Caudal
Towards the tail - used for nervous system
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between the parts of the body
Extension
Straightening or increasing the angle between the bones
Dorsiflexion
Toes point up
Plantarflexion
Toes point down
Circumduction
Circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
Supination
Returning the palm to the anatomical position - palm up
Pronation
Palm of hand faces posteriorly or palm down
Protrusion
Movement anteriorly
Retrusion
Movement posteriorly
Opposition
Movement of the pad of the first digit is brought to another digit pad
Reposition
Movement of the firs digit from the position of opposition back into its normal anatomical position
What is an eponym?
A term that uses a person’s name
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- Protection
- Containment
- Temperature regulation
- Sensation
- Endocrine
What are the layers of the skin?
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous
- fascia
- muscle
Does the epidermis have direct blood flow?
No, it is avascular, the dermis has vascularization
What is the epidermis comprised of?
Epithelium
What is the dermis comprised of?
Deep connective tissue, collagen and elastin
What is the subcutaneous tissue comprised of?
Loose connective tissue and stored fat
What is a fascia comprised of?
Dense, connective tissue
What are two types of specialized fascia?
Bursae and retinaculae
What is the function of fascia?
Constitute the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body
What is the deep fascia?
Dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
How does fascia group structures?
It organizes regions into compartments
What region does not have deep fascia?
Face
What is a fasciotomy?
Cut into the fascia to relieve pressure and edema in compartment syndrome
Where is the skin are there autonomic versus somatic nerves?
Autonomic nerves innervate the sweat glands, somatic nerves innervate the skin surface for touch, temperature, and pain
Where are bursae found?
Where tendons and ligaments cross over a bony prominence (can be physically connected to a joint)
What is the function of a retinaculum?
Holds tendons in place where they cross the joint during flexion and extension, preventing them from taking a shortcut, or bow stringing, across the angle created
What kind of tissue are bones and cartilage?
Specialized connective tissue
What are intermuscular septa?
Extension of the deep fascia that divides muscles into groups
What is the function of the bursa?
Sac of serous membrane that occurs in a location in order to resist friction and enable one structure to move freely over another
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of the head, neck, and trunk
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs including the pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) and the pelvic girdle
What substances mineralize bone?
Calcium and phosphorus
What are the living bone cells called?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What are the functions of the bone?
- support for body
- protection of vital structures
- mechanical basis for movement
- storage for salts
- continuous supply of new blood cells
What is the periosteum?
Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds each skeletal element
What is the perichondrium?
Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage
What type of bone is the superficial layer of all bones?
Compact bone
What type of bone is found in the epiphyses and diaphyses of bones?
Spongy bone
What are spicules?
Trabeculae of spongy bone
What is the hollow middle part of a bone called?
Medullary cavity
What are the different types of bone shapes?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
Where are short bones found and what do they look like?
Cuboidal found in the tarsus and carpus
What is the main function of flat bones?
Protection
What is an example of an irregular bone?
Bones of the face
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
What is the function of a sesamoid bone?
Changes the angle of a tendon
Capitulum
Small, round articular head
Condyle
Rounded, knuckle like articular area, often occurring in pairs
Crest
Ridge of a bone
Epicondyle
Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
Facet
Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articles with another bone
Foramen
Passage through a bone
Fossa
Hollow or depressed area
Groove
Elongated depressing or furrow
Malleolus
Rounded process
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a bone
Protuberance
Projection of bone
SPine
Thorn like process
Spinous process
Projecting spine like part
Trochanter
Large blunt elevation
Trochlea
Spool like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
Tubercle
Small raised eminence
Tuberosity
Large rounded elevation
Does cartilage receive blood supply?
It is avascular, and receives nutrients by diffusion from the perichondrium
What is limited since the cartilage is avascular?
Limits that ability for repair
What are the types of cartilage?
- hyaline
- fibrous
- elastic
What are the types of joints?
- synovial
- fibrous
- cartilagenous
What is the most common type of joint?
Synovial
What are the six major varieties of synovial joints?
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
- condyloid
- plane
- ball and socket
What is intramembraneous ossification?
Mesenchymal bone models are formed during embryonic and prenatal periods
What is endochondral ossification?
Cartilage models are formed during the fetal period, with bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth
Describe a synovial joint
United by a joint capsule, with an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid, with hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones
What does synovial fluid do?
Nourishes and allows free movement of the joint
Where does synovial fluid originate from?
The plasma fluid
Are joints vascularized?
They have a rich blood supply outside of he synovium
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Elbow or knee
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Vertebrae
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Hip and acetabulum, glenohumeral joint
What is an example of a plane joint?
acromioclavicular joint
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
Metacarpalphalangeal joints (Digits)
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Carpo-metacarpal joint (Thumb)
Describe the joints of the atlantoaxial joints?
Joints between atlas and axis
1 medial pivot joint
2 lateral planar joints
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
What is an example of a suture joint?
Skull
What is an example of a syndesmosis joint?
Interosseous membrane in the forearm, connecting radius and ulna
What is an example of a gomphosis joint?
Teeth
How much movement does the suture joint allow?
None
How much movement does the syndesmosis joint allow?
Little movement
What is a syndesmosis joint?
Fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane
What determines the movement of fibrous joint?
The length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones