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from flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Lab Exercise 1 > Flashcards

2 A&P II Lab Exercise 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Formed elements and fluid matrix

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3
Q

What are formed elements, in simple terms?

A

Cells and cell fragments

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4
Q

When do you see fibers in blood?

A

Under abnormal conditions, when there is injury

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5
Q

What do fibers participate in within blood?

A

Clotting to help stop bleeding

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6
Q

What is the liquid component of blood called?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What composes plasma?

A 
Water
Proteins
Glucose
Lipids
Amino acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Hormones
Gases
Metabolic waste products
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8
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It is the transporting component of blood

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9
Q

What are the three types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte

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10
Q

What is the function of a rbc?

A

To carry oxygen to all other cells of the body, and transport the cells’ carbon dioxide waste

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11
Q

What is the function of wbcs? (3)

A

They defend the body against infection, scavenge cellular debris, and are a major part of immunity

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12
Q

In what process are formed elements produced?

A

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

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13
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in the body before and after birth (specifically)?

A

Before birth it occurs in the lymph nodes, thymus, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. After birth it occurs in the red bone marrow of flat bones, including the skull, sternum, ribs, pelvis, and the epiphysis of lone bones

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14
Q

What is the most abundant formed element?

A

Erythrocytes

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15
Q

Which formed elements do not have a nucleus?

A

RBC

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16
Q

What shape is a RBC and why is this beneficial? (2)

A

Biconcave, which provides lots of surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It also allows for flexibility when slipping through tiny vessels

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17
Q

How long do RBCs remain in circulation?

A

120 days

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18
Q

Where are RBCs broken down?

A

The spleen and liver

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19
Q

What is the region of central power?

A

The light staining center of a RBC

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20
Q

When did a RBC have a nucleus?

A

When it was in the bone marrow because it needed a nucleus for transcription and translation of hemoglobin

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21
Q

What component in hemoglobin associates with oxygen?

A

Iron

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22
Q

What component in hemoglobin associates with carbon dioxide?

A

Amine group

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23
Q

What percentage of oxygen does hemoglobin deliver to cells?

A

98%

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24
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide does hemoglobin remove from cells?

A

20-25%

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25
Q

What are thrombocytes formed from?

A

They are fragments of cells formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

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26
Q

Do thrombocytes contain granules?

A

Yes

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27
Q

Do thrombocytes have a cell membrane?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What do platelets function in?

A

Clotting at the site of an injury

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29
Q

What is considered leukocytosis?

A

More than 11,000 WBCs

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30
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Deficient number of WBCs

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31
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Too many platelets

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32
Q

What is a CBC?

A

Complete blood count, an analysis of the formed elements of the blood

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33
Q

What is CBC with Diff?

A

With differential breaks down the percentage of NLMEB out of the total WBCs

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34
Q

What size are leukocytes?

A

Very large

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35
Q

What do leukocyte nuclei look like?

A

Irregular

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36
Q

What are two functions of WBCs?

A

Phagocytosis and the production of antibodies in response to an antigen

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37
Q

What are the two types of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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38
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and basophils

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39
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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40
Q

What is contained in the granules?

A

Degradative enzymes

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41
Q

What are the most numerous of the WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

42
Q

What do the nuclei look like of neutrophils?

A

Multi lobed

43
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a neutrophil look like?

A

Finely granular, staining pale lavender or pink

44
Q

Where do neutrophils get their name?

A

They love neutrality and take up both acidic and basic stains

45
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

They are very active phagocytes

46
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Ability to squeeze through capillary walls by amoeboid motion

47
Q

Why do neutrophils practice diapedesis?

A

They squeeze through capillary walls by amoeboid motion and go to the site of infection where they phagocytize bacteria

48
Q

What is another way to describe the nucleus of a neutrophil?

A

Segmented

49
Q

What are the lobes of a WBC connected by?

A

Chromatin

50
Q

Which WBC is the shortest lived?

A

Neutrophil

51
Q

What does the nucleus of an eosinophil look like?

A

Bilobed

52
Q

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil look like?

A

Large reddish orange staining granules

53
Q

What is the function of the eosinophil?

A

Their granules contain enzymes that destroy the outer covering of parasitic worms. They also phagocytize the antigen-antibody complexes involved in generating an allergic reaction (inactivating inflammation of the reaction)

54
Q

Which WBC is the least numerous?

A

Basophil

55
Q

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

A

U shaped

56
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a basophil look like?

A

Large granules staining blue (granules fill the cytoplasm so much that you can’t usually see the nucleus)

57
Q

What two components do basophils’ granules contain?

A

Histamine and heparin

58
Q

What is histamine?

A

The chemical is a vessel dilator and makes the blood vascular system more leaky, producing some of the symptoms seen in inflammation

59
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anti-clotting substance

60
Q

What is a cell that is related to basophils?

A

Mast cells

61
Q

Why are mast cells related to basophils, and where can you find them?

A

They also contain histamine and heparin, they are not found in the blood

62
Q

What is the most numerous agranulocyte?

A

Lymphocyte

63
Q

What is the size of a lymphocyte in our smear?

A

Slightly larger than the erythrocyte

64
Q

What does the nucleus of a lymphocyte look like?

A

Very large, almost spherical, and takes up most of the cell

65
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte look like?

A

A thin rim around the periphery of the cell

66
Q

Where are most lymphocytes found?

A

Outside of the blood in the lymphoid tissues of the body

67
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B and T

68
Q

What is a T lymphocyte?

A

They direct an immune response against tumor cells and virus infected cells

69
Q

Where do T lymphocytes become specialized?

A

In the thymus

70
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

They are responsible for antibody production

71
Q

Where do B lymphocytes become specialized?

A

In the red bone marrow, where they originated

72
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Monocytes

73
Q

What does the nucleus of a monocyte look like?

A

They have a large kidney shaped nucleus

74
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a monocyte look like?

A

Pale gray blue

75
Q

What is the function of a monocyte?

A

Active phagocyte, leaving the bloodstream and wandering in the tissues eating bacteria

76
Q

What is a monocyte called if it takes up residence within a tissue?

A

Fixed macrophage

77
Q

What is a monocyte called if it leaves the bloodstream and enters the tissues?

A

Wandering macrophage

78
Q

How many erythrocytes in the blood?

A

5 million/mm3 of blood

79
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

80
Q

How many thrombocytes in the blood?

A

250,000-500,000 /mm3 of blood

81
Q

What is the lifespan of a thrombocyte?

A

7-10 days

82
Q

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

A

65% (3,000-7,000)

83
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

from minutes to hours to a few days; they are the shortest lived

84
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

3% (100-400)

85
Q

What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?

A

1 week

86
Q

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

A

.5-1% (20-50)

87
Q

What is the lifespan of a basophil?

A

from minutes to a few days

88
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20% (1,500-3,000)

89
Q

What is the lifespan of a lymphocytes?

A

years to decades

90
Q

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

A

10% (100-700)

91
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocytes?

A

months

92
Q

What is the diameter of an erthyrocyte?

A

8 microns

93
Q

What is the diameter of a thrombocyte?

A

2-3 microns

94
Q

What is the diameter of a neutrophil?

A

12 microns

95
Q

What is the diameter of a eosinophil?

A

12 microns

96
Q

What is the diameter of a basophil?

A

10 microns

97
Q

What is the diameter of a leukocyte?

A

5-17 microns

98
Q

What is the diameter of a monocyte?

A

14-20 microns

99
Q

In what situations would the differential white blood cell count differ from normal?

A

During an infection or an allergic reaction

100
Q

Why would an abnormal differential WBC count be beneficial?

A

It is of diagnostic value

101
Q

What cells stem from lymphoid stem cells?

A

Lymphocytes

102
Q

What cells stem from myeloid stem cells?

A

RBCs, platelets, and NMEB

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