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From Flashcardlet > Med Term 10 > Flashcards

Med Term 10 Flashcards

1
Q

arthr/o

A

articulation

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2
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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5
Q

encephal/o

A

entire brain

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6
Q

esthesi/o

A

sensation

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7
Q

gangli/o

A

ganglion

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8
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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9
Q

gnos/o

A

knowing

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10
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

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11
Q

somn/i

A

sleep

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12
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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13
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

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14
Q

lex/o

A

word or phrase

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15
Q

mening/o

A

meninges

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16
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges

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17
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord or bone marrow

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18
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, sleep

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19
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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20
Q

phas/o

A

speech

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21
Q

phob/o

A

exaggerated fear or sensitivity

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22
Q

phor/o

A

carr or bear

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23
Q

phren/o

A

mind

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24
Q

psych/o

A

mind

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25
Q

thym/o

A

mind

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26
Q

schiz/o

A

split

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27
Q

somat/o

A

body

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28
Q

spin/o

A

spine

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29
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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30
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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31
Q

stere/o

A

three dimensional or solid

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32
Q

tax/o

A

order or coordination

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33
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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34
Q

ton/o

A

tone or tension

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35
Q

top/o

A

place

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36
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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37
Q

cata-

A

down

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38
Q

-sthenia

A

weakness

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39
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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40
Q

-mania

A

condition of abnormal impulse twoard

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41
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

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42
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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43
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

brain

A

portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium

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45
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves known as cerebral hemispheres that are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie

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46
Q

frontal lobe

A

anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality

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47
Q

parietal lobe

A

portion posterior to the front lobe, responsible for sensation such as pain, temperature, and touch

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48
Q

temporal lobe

A

portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell

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49
Q

occipital lobe

A

portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision

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50
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental functions

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51
Q

thalamus

A

two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex

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52
Q

another name for the thalamus?

A

diencephalon

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53
Q

gyri

A

ring or circle; convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres

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54
Q

sulci

A

ditch; shallow grooves that separate gyri

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55
Q

fissures

A

splitting crack; deep grooves that separate gyri

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56
Q

cerebellum

A

portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles

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57
Q

brainstem

A

region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; there are three levels; mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata

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58
Q

ventricles

A

series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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59
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

plasma like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

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60
Q

spinal cord

A

column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body

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61
Q

meninges

A

three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

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62
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain and spinal cord

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63
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain

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64
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

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65
Q

sensory nerves

A

nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain - also called afferent nerves

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66
Q

motor nerves

A

nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves

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67
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands

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68
Q

hypothalamus

A

control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus

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69
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situation

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70
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience

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71
Q

aphasia

A

condition without speech; impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language

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72
Q

dysarthria

A

condition of difficult articulation; group of related speech impairments that may affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement as a result of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles

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73
Q

dysphasia

A

difficulty speaking

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74
Q

coma

A

general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow coma scale

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75
Q

delirium

A

state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function - there are many causes, including fever, shock, or drug overdose

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76
Q

dementia

A

impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion

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77
Q

motor deficit

A

loss or impairment of muscle function

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78
Q

sensory deficit

A

loss of impairment of sensation

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79
Q

neuralgia

A

pain along the course of a nerve

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80
Q

paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of motor control

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81
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion

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82
Q

spastic paralysis

A

stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder

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83
Q

hemiparesis

A

partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

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84
Q

sciatica

A

pain tha follows the pathway of he sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots

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85
Q

seizure

A

sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses

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86
Q

convulsion

A

type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles

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87
Q

syncope

A

fainting

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88
Q

tactile stimulation

A

evoking a response by touching

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89
Q

hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain

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90
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause

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91
Q

agnosia

A

any of many types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory information

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92
Q

astereognosis

A

inability to judge the form of an object by touch

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93
Q

atopognosis

A

inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body

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94
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death

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95
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and death (aka Lou Gehrig disease)

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96
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth, characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination

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97
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain

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98
Q

cerebral arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries of the brain

99
Q

cerebral atherosclerosis

A

condition of lipid buildup within the blood vessels of the brain

100
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

dilation of a blood vessel in the brain

101
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A

presence of a stationary clot in the blood vessel of the brain

102
Q

cerebral embolism

A

obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation

103
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, e.g. occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus or thrombus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (aka stroke)

104
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit

105
Q

carotid TIA

A

ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain

106
Q

vertebrobasilar TIA

A

ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain

107
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

108
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures

109
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups, previously termed grand mal seizure

110
Q

absence seizure

A

seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement, previously termed petit mal seizure

111
Q

partial seizure

A

seizure invoking only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms

112
Q

glioma

A

tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy

113
Q

herniated disk

A

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulpous protrudes, causing compression o n the nerve root

114
Q

herpes zoster

A

viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally (aka shingles)

115
Q

Huntington disease (HD)

A

hereditary disease of the central nervous system

116
Q

Huntington chorea

A

characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia

117
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infections, injury, or tumor

118
Q

meningioma

A

benign tumor of the coverings of the brain

119
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

120
Q

migraine headache

A

paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries

121
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction followed by recovery

122
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest

123
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

124
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake

125
Q

Parkinson disease

A

condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements, usually occurring later in life

126
Q

plegia

A

paralysis

127
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

128
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis from the waist down

129
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

130
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

131
Q

polyneuritis

A

inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine

132
Q

reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)

A

condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color and temperature, and abnormal sweating at the pain site - decreased mobility caused by pain can lead to muscle atrophy and loss of motor function

133
Q

sleep apnea

A

periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

134
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue

135
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness

136
Q

evoked potential

A

record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders - also used to monitor the neurological function of patients during surgery

137
Q

nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

A

electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system diseases

138
Q

polysomnography (PSG)

A

recording of various aspects of sleep, like eye and muscle movements, respiration EEG patterns, to diagnose sleep disorders

139
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

introduction of specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, such as to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing (aka spinal tap)

140
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize anatomical structures, especially soft tissue, such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord

141
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

use of magnetic resonance in imaging of the blood vessels - useful in detecting pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis

142
Q

intracranial MRA

A

magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis, a common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion

143
Q

extracranial MRA

A

magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery

144
Q

SPECT brain scan

A

(single photon emission computed tomography) scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes

145
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

technique communing nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology - used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, etc,; provides greater accuracy than SPECT but is used less often because of cost and limited availability of the radioisotopes

146
Q

cerebral angiogram

A

x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contract medium

147
Q

computed tomography of the head

A

computed tomographic x-ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities within, e.g. brain tumors, malformations, etc.

148
Q

myelogram

A

x-ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contract medium

149
Q

reflex testing

A

test performed to observe the body’s response to a stimulus

150
Q

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function; positive finding ins are noted when there is either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus

151
Q

Numbers used to record deep tendon reflex responses?

A 
no response
1 diminished response
2 normal response
3 more brisk than average response
4 hyperactive response
152
Q

Babinski sign or reflex

A

pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex, or curl upward

153
Q

transcranial sonogram

A

image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels - used in diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma

154
Q

craniectomy

A

excision of part of the skull to approach the brain

155
Q

craniotomy

A

incision into the skull to approach the brain

156
Q

diskectomy

A

removal of a herniated disk often done percutaneously

157
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of one of more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord

158
Q

vertebral laina

A

flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch

159
Q

microsurgery

A

utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery

160
Q

neuroendovascular surgery

A

diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists

161
Q

cerebral angioplasty and stent

A

procedure used to restore blood flow through narrowed vessels such as the carotid artery, middle cerebral, and vertebrobasilar arteries

162
Q

embolization

A

plugging of intracranial aneurysms and other malformation

163
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of a nerve

164
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

spinal fusion

165
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability o reproduce

166
Q

radiation therapy

A

treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells

167
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target with the aid of a sterotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions

168
Q

stereotactic frame

A

mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site

169
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

dissolution of throb suing drugs used to treat acute ischemic stroke

170
Q

analgesic

A

agent that relieves pain

171
Q

anticoagulant

A

drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used to prevent heart attack dn ischemic stroke

172
Q

anticonvulsant

A

agent that prevents of lessens convulsion

173
Q

hypnotic

A

agent that induces sleep

174
Q

sedative

A

agent that has a calming effect

175
Q

affect

A

emotional feeling or mood

176
Q

flat affect

A

significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction

177
Q

apathy

A

lack of interest or display of emotion

178
Q

catatonia

A

state of unresponsiveness to one’s outside environment, sully including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

179
Q

delusion

A

persistent belief that has no basis in reality

180
Q

grandiose delusion

A

person’s false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power

181
Q

persecutory delusion

A

person’s false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm

182
Q

dysphoria

A

restless, dissatisfied mood

183
Q

euphoria

A

exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well being

184
Q

hallucination

A

false perception of the sense for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things

185
Q

ideation

A

formation of thoughts or ideas

186
Q

mania

A

state of abnormal elation and increased activity

187
Q

neurosis

A

psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent

188
Q

psychosis

A

mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one’s environment

189
Q

thought disorder

A

thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction

190
Q 
major depression
major depressive illness
clinical depression
major affective disorder
unipolar disorder
A

disorder causing periodic disturbances in mod that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest

191
Q

dysthymia

A

milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least two years

192
Q

manic pression bipolar disorder (BD)

A

affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states)

193
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall an winter and remit in the spring

194
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affects the ability to relax or concentrate but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment ;physical symptoms include muscle tensions, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia; symptoms must exist for at least 6 moths before a diagnosis can be made

195
Q

panic disorder (PD)

A

disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attic k such as rapid heart rate, chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, and dizziness, with a genera sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia

196
Q

phobia

A

exaggerated fear of a specific object of circumstance that causes anxiety and panic

197
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the suffer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal; symptoms include feelings of fear, detachment, exaggerated startle response, restlessness, nightmares, and avoidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections

198
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions, which can interfere with all aspects of a person’s daily life

199
Q

hypochondriasis

A

preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary

200
Q

autism

A

development disability commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurological disorder affecting brain function, evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication, and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself in social interactions; individual sight autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking, repetitive hand movements, and commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or performing meaningless rituals

201
Q

dyslexia

A

developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs, affecting reading, spelling, and self expression

202
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD)

A

dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulse, which interferes with the ability to function normally at school, home, or work; specific criteria must be met before a diagnosis is made

203
Q

mental retardation

A

condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities

204
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about ton’s body weight, evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal

205
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise

206
Q

substance abuse disorders

A

mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance

207
Q

schizophrenia

A

disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one’s environment characterized by a broad range of “positive” and “negative” symptoms

208
Q

“positive” schizophrenia symptoms

A

distortions of normal function - behaviors that are absent in normal people, like disorganized though, delusions, hallucinations, catatonic behavior

209
Q

“negative” schizophrenia symptoms

A

normal reactions missing in persons with the disease, including flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality

210
Q

disorganized schizophrenia

A

featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect

211
Q

catatonic schizophrenia

A

featuring catatonia

212
Q

paranoid schizophrenia

A

featuring delusions, most often persecutory or grandiose types

213
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

concurrent with major depression or manic depression

214
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat developed dressed patients

215
Q

light therapy

A

use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder

216
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques

217
Q

behavioral therapy

A

treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior

218
Q

cognitive therapy

A

treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking

219
Q

psychotropic drugs

A

medications used to treat mental illnesses

220
Q

anxiolytic agents

A

drugs used to reduce anxiety

221
Q

neuroleptic agents

A

drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia

222
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

223
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

224
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

225
Q

BD

A

bipolar disorder

226
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

227
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflexes

228
Q

ECT

A

electroconvulsive therapy

229
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

230
Q

GAD

A

generalized anxiety disorder

231
Q

HD

A

Huntington disease

232
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

233
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

234
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

235
Q

NCV

A

nerve conduction velocity

236
Q

PD

A

panic disorder

237
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

238
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

239
Q

PSG

A

polysomnography

240
Q

RSD

A

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

241
Q

SAD

A

seasonal affective disorder

242
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

243
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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