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From Flashcardlet > Micro Final > Flashcards

Micro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
HSV I

Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
neisseria gonorrhea
Clamydia trachomatis

No pain! Redness, tearing, yellow exudate, stickiness

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2
Q

Keratitis

A

HSV I
Staph aureus
Fungi
Acanthamoeba keratitis

Pain, feels like something is in the eye, only one eye, blurred vision, scarring, opacification, vision loss

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3
Q

Trachoma

A

Clamydia trachomatis

Direct contact with secretions, flies in Africa

Chronic repeated infections, damage in eyelid leads to swollen, pebbled eyelid
Contraction of scar tissue results in turning of eyelid
Eyelashes scar cornea
Multiple scars lead to blindness

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4
Q

Onchocerciasis

A

River blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
Larvae from Simulium black flies

Can cause total blindness by age 40
Skin nodules, eye inflammation, opacification
Sub Saharan Africa

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5
Q

Common cold

A

Rhinovirus

Coronavirus

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6
Q

Viral pharyngitis and tonsilitis

A 
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
EBV
HSV
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7
Q

Pharyngoconjunctival fever

A

Adenovirus
White exudate over tonsils, conjunctivitis, sore throat, high fever
Common in summer camps and military

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8
Q

Strep pharyngitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
M protein, capsule, enzymes, cytokines

Severe pain swallowing
Patches of white exudate in throat
High fever
Abscess on tonsil
Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
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9
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Strep pyogenes that produces erythrogenic toxins
Rash on upper torso and face, spreads to rest of body (not palms or soles)
Desquamification, spotted tongue

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10
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Strep pyogenes that makes immune complexes

Hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, puffy face, kidney failure

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11
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Strep pyogenes
Inflammation of joints, skin, heart, brain
Damage heart valves causing scarring
Heart failure
Polyarthritis, cardiac problems, nose bleeds, rash

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12
Q

Otitis media

A 
Mumps
RSV
M. pneumoniae
Strep pneumoniae
Strep pyogenes
H. influenzae

First infects nose/throat, spreads to middle ear via Eustachian tube
Eustachian tube can’t move secretions, pressure builds and causes pain

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13
Q

Acute epiglottis

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Capsule, High fever, swelling, difficulty breathing/swallowing, stridor, drooling, child typically leaning forward

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14
Q

Oralcandidiasis

A

Thrush, Candida albicans
Normal lora overgrowth
Opportunistic
White overgrowth on tongue, cottage cheese appearance, bleeding, pain, loss of taste, cottony

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Exotoxin kills cellls, results in ulcers, core red by exudate, necrotic epithelium embedded with cells and fibrin form a false membrane

Difficulty swallowing, dyspnea, white membrane on tonsils and throat, false membrane becomes dark and foul smelling, bleeding, ulcers

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16
Q

Whooping cough

A

Bordatella pertussis

Mucus accumulates and becomes sticky, ciliary action slowed, desperate attempt to cough mucus
Toxins: pertussis, adenylate cylase, tracheal cytotoxin, endotoxin

Might be overlooked as bronchitis, dry, nonproductive cough, paroxysmal cough, copious mucous, whoop, cracked ribs, coughing 1-6 weeks, convulsions, lung ocllapse

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17
Q

Acute bronchitis

A 
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Adenovirus
Influenza 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasma has toxins causing sloughing, prominent, productive cough, copious mucous

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18
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

RSV
Adenovirus
Influenza
M. pneumoniae

Mycoplasma releases cytotoxins, necrosis restricts air flow to and from alveoli

Wheezing, tachypnea, nasal flaring in infants
Restricted to children younger than 2, usually 3-6 months

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19
Q

RSV

A

Respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
Wheezing, tachypnea, breathing difficulty, otitis media in one third of infections
Palivizumab passive immunization

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20
Q

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Croup
Parainfluenza
RSV
Influenza A

Distinctive cough - seal’s bark, dep, brassy tone, high pitched, inspiratory strider, respiratory distress
Children 3 mo - 5 years

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21
Q

Viral pneumonia

A

RSV
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
Influenza virus

Productive bloody cough, fever, chest pain

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22
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A 
Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus
H influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Legionella pneumonhilia
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23
Q

S. pneumoniae

A

Capsule, replicate on alveoli surface, no phagocytosis, phagocytes die and release toxic materials

Rust colored, productive cough

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24
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

More severe, hard, productive cough with bloddy, mucoid sputum, shock and delirium from endotoxin

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25
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Toxins

Less severe symptoms, dry cough, later productive, otitis media

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26
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Water reservoir
Phagocytized by macrophages on alveoli, prevents lysosome from fusing

Confusion, diarrhea, high fever, fatality due to shock, kidney failure, respiratory obstruction

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27
Q

Influenza

A

A and B serotypes cause epidemics
Hemagglutinin H spikes attach virus to host
Neuraminidase N spikes have enzyme that destroys cell receptor to which H attaches
16 H, 9 N forms
Human, avian, and swine

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28
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Mycobaterium tuberculosis
Human and cattle
Can survive outside of dust for months

Ability to survive and replicate within macrophage, inhibits lysosome fusion
Requires multiple exposures
Macrophages try to surround and wall of TB, form tubercle, calcification

Night sweats, chronic cough with bloody sputum, spread to bone, joints, eye, skin
Death from organ failure

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29
Q

Coccidiodomycoses

A

Vally fever
Coccidiodes immitis
Soil reservoir
Arthrospores are viable for 100 years

Usually mild, night sweats, fever, flue like, similar to pneumonia or TB
Southwest, Mexico, farm workers

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30
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Darling’s disease
Caving/Spelunker’s disease

Histoplasma capusulatum
Soils contaminated by bat or bird droppings

Some granulomas forms to prevent spread, 95% asymptomatic, immunocompromised get acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
OH and MI river valleys

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31
Q

Lower UTI

A

Staph aureus
Escherichia coli
Some Candida albicans
From normal flora

Replicate in urine and attach to bladder, mechanical factors disrupt flushing, CAUTI, adhesins, toxins cause renal damage

Dysuria, micturition, urge, pyuria

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32
Q

Upper UTI

A

Pyelonephritis
From bladder, up ureters, to kidney
Circulation to glomerulus
Fever, flank pain, hematuria

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33
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema palldium
Asymptomatic phase - highly contagious
Primary - symptomatic phase, chancre, heals in 3-6 weeks but infectious for 1-3 months
Secondary - low chance if primary is treated, immune complexes, spread, lasts up to 1 year
Latent period - 3-30 years, dormant in spleen or liver, antigens hide in self molecules
Tertiary - noninfectious, gummas

Primary - chancre
Secondary - disseminated rash over body, white lesions in mouth
Tertiary - progressive, destructive, neuropyphilis, cardiovascular syphilis, gummas

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34
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Fimbriae, endotoxin, adhesions prevent flushing, internalized by epithelium for protection

Vaginal discharge, bleeding, dysuria, fever with PID
Urethral dischage, dysruia, urethritis

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35
Q

Non gonoccoccal urethritis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Elementary bodies, inhibit fusion, differentiates to reticulate bodies to multiply, back to EB

Grey penile discharge, epididymitis, prostatitis, dysuria, sterility
Vaginal discharge, cervicitis, salpingitis, fever, bleeding, dysuria, PID and sterility

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36
Q

Bacterial vaginosis

A

Gardnerella vaginalis
Normal flora
Disruption of acidic pH, Gardenerella thrives at 5-6, overgrowth, anaerobic environment allows Bateroides and Peptostreptococcus to thrive

Vaginitis, ithciness, gray white, foul smelling, bubbly discharge, pain

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37
Q

Infection with Candida albicans

A

Normal flora
Yeast change to pseudo mycelium with prolonged antibiotics, immunosuppression, normal or pH changes

Irritation, itching, cheesy vaginal discharge, dysuria, may present as UTI

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38
Q

Genital herpes

A

HSV II
HSV I

Primary - lesion, macular, papular, vesicular, blister, ulcer, cursting, healing, no scar
Latent - virus travels up sensory nerve endings in DRG
Reactivates and travels down nerves due to illness, stress, age

4 reactivation outbreaks in first year, reactivation usually no pain, shorter lasting

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39
Q

Genital warts

A

Human papilloma virus
Infects keratinized epithelial, inserts HPV DNA into cell DNA to disrupt normal cell cycle

Soft, moist, pink, flat, raised, cauliflower, may last for months
Cervical cancer*

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40
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV I - US
HIV II - Africa

Free virus or infected helper T in blood or secretions
Binds to target
HIV envelope fuses with CM
Capsid uncoated
RNA corverted to hybrid by reserse transcriptase
Hybrid converted to DNA
DNA inserts into host DNA (provirus)
Proviral DNA transcribed back into RNA
Virions
HIV virus leaves cell

Virus kills by gp 120 foreign antigen marking cells for destruction, induced apoptosis, immune system is overwhelmed, defect in antigen presentation
Results in permanent immunosuppresion

Macular rash on trunk, night sweats, ulcers, photophbia
ARC - weight loss, candidiasis, diarrhea, shingles

AIDS - opportunistic infection

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41
Q

ETEC

A

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Traveler’s diarrhea, most important cause of diarrhea in world
Enterotxins, activates adenylcyclase, increase concentration of cAMP, hyper secretion of water into SI, lumen distended with fluids

Watery diarrhea, cramping, no fever

42
Q

EPEC

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli
No toxin, loss of microvilli and thickening of surface, leads to diarrhea

Watery diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, fever

43
Q

EHEC

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Verotoxin kills epithelial cells, interferes with protein synthesis, consequent hemorrhage, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal damage

Bloody diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, fever

44
Q

EIEC

A

Enteroinvaive E. coli
No toxin

Bloody diarrhea, cramping, vomiting, no fever

45
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella enteritides
Fecally contaminated food and water, poultry, eggs, dairy

Inflammation, prostaglandins, stimulates cAMP, active fluid secretion

8-48 hours after ingestion, watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever

46
Q

Campylobacter

A

Campylobacter jejuni
Human and large animal
Contaminated food, fecal oral

Ulcerations and inflamed bleeding mucosa, cytotoxins

Bloody diarrhea, foul smelling, fever, non nausea or vomting

47
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae
Fresh water
Fecally contaminated water, shellfish

Enterotoxin, cholera toxin, Si discharges large amounts of fluid

Massive, painless diarrhea, vomiting without nausea, cramping, dehydration, no fever
RICE WATER STOOL

48
Q

Shigellosis

A

Bacillary dysentary
Shigella dysenteriae
Fecal oral
Shiga toxin

High fever, watery diarrhea, then mucousy, bloody diarrhea

49
Q

Rotavirus

A

Contaminated food
Spreads through families
Only needs 10 visions to cause disease
Primary cause of diarrhea in children*

Watery diarrhea, death due to water and electrolye loss - children, projectile vomiting, fever, COUGHING

50
Q

Ulcers

A

Helciobacter pylori
Enzymes convert urea to ammonia to create alkaline habitat
Protected by stomach mucous, penetrates mucous and binds to epithelium

90% duodenal, 75% gastric
Stomach pain when empty, nausea, bloody vomit

51
Q

Food poisoning

A

Staph aureus
Ingest food with toxin, bacteria is dead
Toxin is heat stable, S. aureus creates toxin within 1-2 hours

Nausea and vomiting within 3-6 hours
No fever, no diarrhea,

52
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum
Animals, spores in soil
Food borne in canned food, infant, wound

Neurotoxin acts as neuromuscular junction, inhibits release of ACh, flaccid paralysis, death if respiratory muscles affected

Complete recovery once toxin is removed
Double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, dysphagia, dry mouth, muscle weakness, dyspnea

53
Q

Amoebic dysentary

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Ingest cycsts, trophozoite acts as commensal, cysts released from body, Entamoeba becomes pathogenic if invade and feed on host materials, amoebic colitis

Commensal is asymptomatic, ulcers, diarrhea, mucous, pus, bloody stool, liver and lung abscess

54
Q

Giardiasis

A 
Giardia lamblia
Wild mammals
Cysts in contaminated water
Cysts at regular intervals pass with feces
Disrupts SI absorption, diarrhea

Indigestion, flatulence, nausea, projectile diarrhea, vomiting, foul selling flatulence

55
Q

Cryptosporidiasis

A

Cryptosporidium parvum
Animals
Ingest cysts

Inflammation and diarrhea, disseminated infections
Pain, watery, bloodless diarrhea

56
Q

Tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata - beef
Taenia solium - pork
Divides into proglottids, suckers and hooks
Cattle, pigs, fish

Ingest undercooked meat with cysts, cows ingest grass with eggs, larvae emerge

Asymptomatic or mild, first aware when cysts seen in stool, nausea, diarrhea

57
Q

Fluke infections

A 
Trematoda
Fasciola
Opisthorchis
Fasciola hepatica - sheep
Watercress consumption

Maturation from metacercariae into flukes, reside in biliary ducts, eggs in feces

Hepatic parenchyma, pain, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria

58
Q

Nematode infection

A

Ascaris lumbricoides - ascariasis
Necator Americanus - hookworm

Ingest eggs in contaminated food or water, eggs in soil or plants

Ingest egg, larvae burrow though SI, burrow into alveoli, stimulate cough reflex, swallowed, eggs leave in feces

Bloody sputum, cough, fever, pain, vomiting worms or in stool

59
Q

Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermincularis
Ingest eggs, transmissible in families
Ingest eggs, larvae mature in LI, female worms migrate to anus at night
Itchiness, scratching causes spread, scattered by air

Common in young children

60
Q

Typhoid fever

A

Salmonella typhi
Fecal oral

Ulceration, hemorrhage, shock, myocarditis, endocarditis
Dry cough, diarrhea, fever, bleeding, transient rose spots on skin in abdomen

61
Q

Hepatitis A

A

HAV
Fecal oral
Liver damage, jaundice, dark urine, diarrhea

62
Q

Hepatitis B

A 
HBV
Blood, semen
Pathology due to body's defense
90-98% full recovery
Can lead to chronic, cirrhosis, HCC

Rash, arthralgia from immune complex

63
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Blood, semen
Many progress to chronic
High instance of cirrhosis and HCC

64
Q

Listeriosis

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Contaminated food
Meningitis like symptoms, fever, diarrhea

65
Q

C. diff diarrhea

A 
Chlostridium difficile
Enterotoxins A and B break down intercellular junctions or cytotoxic to cells
Fecal oral, spores
Pseudomembranis colitis
Foul smelling, cramps, bloody stool
66
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis
H influenzae
S pneumoniae

Infection damages nerves of hearing or vision, motor nerves producing paralysis
Meningococcemia, release endotoxin, DIC

High fever, stiffness, petechiae, DIC, sequale

67
Q

Viral meningitis

A 
HSV
Mumps
Polio
Coxsackie
Echovirus
E/W equine

Saliva, vectors, etc

No petechiae, complete recovery, clear CSF

68
Q

Viral encephalitis

A 
HSV
Mumps, rubella, measles VZ
Polio
Rabies
Cytomegalovirus, Louping
HIV

Vector, fecal roal, saliva

Asymptomatic
Neck and back stiffness, convulsions, paralysis, numbness, speech impairment

69
Q

Rabies

A

Rabies virus
Animal bite, inhalation in bat caves
Longer incubation time if further from CNS
Little cytopathy or visible damage to cells, dysfunction of cells

Tingling, twitching, excitation phase, hydrophbia, chocking, parlaytic phase is fatal
Tetanus vaccine, 1/2 into wound, 1/2 IM

70
Q

TSE

A 
Mad cow
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Prions!
Ingestion, electrodes
Misfolded form  of glycoprotein
No fever, inflammation of immune response
Progressive deterioration of CNS
71
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani
Soil
Spores or umbilical stump

Tetanus toxin, tetanospasmin, neurotxin acts at neuromuscular junction
Spastic paralysis
Lock jaw, neck stiffness, muscle spasms, respiratory failure

Passive - antitoxin
Active - toxoid vaccine

72
Q

Staph aureus

A

Normal flora
Folliculitis, boils, carbuncle
No fever until carbuncle

73
Q

Scalded skin syndrome

A

Staph aureus
Toxin destroys desmosomes
Erythema spreads to entire body, large area of skin lost, no scarring

74
Q

Impetego, erysipelas

A

Strep pyogenes
Hemolysins, streptolysins, streptokinase, M proteins, capsule

Impetego - below dead, scaly layer
Yellow crusted lesions, papule enlarges and coalesces

Erysipelas - deeper into dermis, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever
Elevated margin, warm shiny, edematous, grows in direction of lymphatics

75
Q

Cellulitis

A 
Strep pyogenes
Staph aureus
Originates from boils, wounds, burns
Hot, red, swollen lesions
Large blisters and scabs
Marches or long runs
76
Q

Necrotizing soft tissue infection

A 
Strep pyogenes
Clostridium perfingens
Hyaluronidase, exotoxin
Necrotic tissue
Oozing tissue
77
Q

Gangrene

A

Clostridium perfingens
Soil
Spores from soil into wounds

Spores multiply and produce gas bubbles, lecithinase spread infection

Cellulitis, gas felt in skin, necrosis, bleeding, pain

78
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
Microsproum
Malassezia furfur

Arthrospores adhere to keratinocytes
Scaling patch with raised margin, cracked skin

79
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

Sporothrix schenckii
Soil, roses, bushes, tree bark

Spores enter site, granulomas 1-6 months
Painless papule enlarges, ulcers, pustular nodule along lymphatic, chronic lesions

80
Q

Herpes

A

HSV
Saliva
I - oral
II - genital
Primary - Ulcers coated with white exudate, virus enters nerve endings and DRG for life
Secondary - reactivate under illness, sunlight, stress

81
Q

Chicken pox and shingles

A

Varicella zoster
Primary - varicella vesicles last one week, enter DRG for latency
Reactivation causes shingles

82
Q

Smallpox

A

Variola virus
Fever, rash on tongue, mouth, etc to entire body within 24hours
Rash progresses from red and macular, papular, vesicular, pustules, crust and scab, scar

Bio terror agent

83
Q

Measles

A

Rubeola or measles virus
Highly contagious
Koplik’s spots inside cheek, rash on face spreads to extremities

84
Q

Mumps

A

Mumps
Localizes in salivary glands, gonads, pancreas
Parotid gland

85
Q

German measles

A

Rubella
Skin, placenta, joints, kidneys
Fever with irregular rash on head, neck, trunk, lasts three days

86
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Salvia, urine, placenta, blood
Intranuclear inclusions, multinucleate cells, CMI fails to clear, virus for many months

Fever, mononucleosis, abnormal liver function, congenital defects

87
Q

Epstein Barr

A

EBV
Saliva requires multiple exposure
Pharyngitis, virions attach to B cells, disease due to activated T cells destroying B cells
Infants and children have weak immune, so no disease

Petechiae on hard palate, spontaneous recovery, virus in saliva for months

88
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia rickettsii
Dog or wood ticks
Enters with tick feces, tick feeds for 4-10 hours
Endotoxin

Muscle and joint pain, rash with faint pink spots, becomes raised and hemorrhagic, bleeding in mouth and nose, DIC

89
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi
Deer tick
Immune complex deposit in joints and small blood vessels
Stage 1 - bulls eye rash, enlarges, flat with center clearing
Stage 2 - 1 week to 2 years later, neuro and cardiac symptoms
Stage 3 - arthralgia for months or years

90
Q

Malaria

A 
Plasmodium vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. falciparum
Anopholes mosquitos

Pre erythrocytic stage, dormant, asexual blood stage, sexual stage, genetic reconination

High fevers 104-107
Fever every 3rd or 4th day, daily evening fever
Hot dry stage, drenching sweating, vomiting
P. falciparum is fatal during first weeks

91
Q

P. calciparum

A

Cerebral malaria - convulsions, coma, necrosis
Severe anemia
Hypoglycemia
Glomerulonephritis - immune complex

92
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma flukes
Larvae from snail
Mollusk intermediate, human feces with eggs to snail
Penetrate bare foot, snail loses tail, produces eggs

Rash, liver problems, egg laying causes fever and bloody diarrhea, hemorrhage in LI
Chronic infections last 20-30 years
Little response directly against worms

93
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Elephantitis
Burgia muchereriae
Larvae in saliva of mosquito
Larvae in ymphatics, damage and blockage of draining in legs, breasts, scrotum

Fever, rash, few cases show gross pathology

94
Q

Dengue/breakbone fever

A

Dengue virus
Flavivirus
Humans, monkey
Aedes aegypti mosquito

Hemorrhagic shock syndrome - primary infection mild, secondary with different serotype, cannot neutralize second infection
Vascular damage, shock, hemorrhage, high fever, eye pain, arthralgia, rash, deep pain in limbs

95
Q

Chikungynya

A

Chikungynya virus
Humans, primates
Aedes aegypti mosquito
Aedes albopictus

Replicates in fibroblasts, disseminates
CMI control infection

High fever, photophbia, rash, joint pain and stiffness

96
Q

Yellow fever

A

Yellow fever virus
Primates in jungles
Aedes aegypti mosquito

High fever, bleeding from nose and skin, black vomit, jaundice, shock

97
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

A

Lassa fever virus
Ebola virus
Marburg virus

Fever, petechiae, nasal/uterine bleeding, shock, CNS damage

98
Q

Ebola

A

Ebola virus
Bats, other mammals
DIC contributes to characteristic hemorrhagic manifestations
Necrosis, organ failures
Flu like symptoms, diarrhea, fever, hemorrhage

99
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis
Soil and animals
Spores

Cutaneous - lethal toxin, ulcer center becomes black and necrotic, generalized toxic effects in circulation
Intestinal - ingest spores, toxins damage GI
Pulmonary - inhale spores, toxins cause lung tissue necrosis, pulmonary edema, generalized toxic effects (90-100% fatality with Tx)

100
Q

Plague

A

Yersinia pestis
Rodents, humans
Fleas, rats

Flea regurgitates infected material into wound
Rats sicken, fleas seek other host
Cytotoxin, DIC
Dark hemorrhage in skin - “black death”

Shock, delirium, bleeding in skin, organ failure
Pneumonic plague - respiratory problems, coughing, bloody sputum, dyspnea

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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