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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Chapter 25 Urinary > Flashcards

2 A&P II Chapter 25 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the renal system in regulating BP?

A

It regulates BP by regulating the blood volume in the body via the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin complex

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2
Q

What does the renal system covert?

A

Vitamin D to its active form

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3
Q

What substances does the renal system produce?

A

EPO and renin

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4
Q

What does the renal system excrete?

A

Wastes and toxins like urea, creatines, ammonia, bilirubin, uric acid, and drugs

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5
Q

What does the renal system do to regulate osmolarity?

A

It regulates the balance of solutes and water, and the concentrations of ions in the ECF

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6
Q

What does the renal system do for the body’s pH?

A

It regulates the acid-base balance

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7
Q

What does the renal system do for the body when fasting?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

Where do the kidneys lie (2)?

A

Retroperitoneal and superior lumbar

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9
Q

What is another term for the flank region?

A

Costovertebral region (CVA)

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10
Q

What spinal levels do the kidneys lie in?

A

T12-L3

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11
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other?

A

Right kidney is lower than the left

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12
Q

What glands are located above the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

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13
Q

What are the three layers of supportive tissue around the kidney?

A
  1. Renal fascia
  2. Perirenal fat capsule
  3. Fibrous capsule
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14
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

The outer layer of dense CT that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland

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15
Q

What is the perirenal fat capsule?

A

The fatty layer that cushions against blows

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16
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

The transparent inner layer that prevents infections from spreading into the kidneys

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17
Q

What are the three areas of the kidneys?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Pelvis
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18
Q

What is found in the cortex?

A

Glomeruli

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19
Q

What is found in the medulla?

A

Pyramids and papillae

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20
Q

What is made in the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

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21
Q

What is made in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epi and NE

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22
Q

What is pylonephritis?

A

A serious kidney infection

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23
Q

What is the value for the osmolarity of blood?

A

300 milliosmoles/L

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24
Q

What is the definition of osmolarity?

A

The number of solutes per liter of solution

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25
Q

Which is on the left and the right, the aorta or the IVC?

A

The aorta is on the left, the IVC is on the right

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26
Q

Which is shorter, the left or right renal artery and vein?

A

The Left artery is shorter, and the Right vein is shorter

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27
Q

Where is the base of the pyramid pointed towards?

A

The cortex

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28
Q

What are the tips of the pyramids called?

A

Papilla

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29
Q

Why do the pyramids appear striped?

A

Tubules and capillaries

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30
Q

What is a renal column?

A

An extension of cortical tissue separating the pyramids

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31
Q

What is a lobe comprised of?

A

Each pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue

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32
Q

How many lobes are in a kidney?

A

8

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33
Q

What is the renal pelvis continuous with?

A

Ureter

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34
Q

How many major calyces feed into the renal pelvis?

A

2-3

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35
Q

What do the minor calyces enclose?

A

Papilla

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36
Q

How much of the cardiac output supplies the kidneys?

A

25% cardiac output

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37
Q

Where does the renal artery branch from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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38
Q

What is the progression of the division of arteries from the renal artery all the way until the venous system?

A 
Segmental 
Interlobar
Arcuate
Cortical radiate
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arterioles
Peritubular or vasa recta
Cortical radiate vein
Etc...
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39
Q

Which has the larger diameter, the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent

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40
Q

How many segmental arteries are there in a kidney?

A

5

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41
Q

What arteries separate the cortex and the medulla?

A

Arcuate

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42
Q

Where do the renal veins empty into?

A

IVC

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43
Q

What comprises the renal plexus?

A

A network of ANS fibers and ganglia (the nerve supply to the kidney and ureter)

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44
Q

Where does the renal plexus branch from?

A

The celiac plexus

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45
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The structural and functional unit of the kidney

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46
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

More than 1 million

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47
Q

What are the two main functions of nephrons?

A

Blood processing and urine formation

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48
Q

What are the two kinds of nephrons?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

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49
Q

What is the most common type of nephron?

A

85% of nephrons are cortical

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50
Q

What do collecting ducts collect from and drain to?

A

They collect from many nephrons and convey the fluid to the renal pelvis

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51
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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52
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located within the kidney?

A

Cortex

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53
Q

Where are the tubules located within the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

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54
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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55
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Capillary bed

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56
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule continuous with?

A

Tubule

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57
Q

What is the main function of the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

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58
Q

What kind of capillaries are the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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59
Q

What substance is not allowed to be passed through the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus?

A

Proteins

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60
Q

What is filtrate in terms of urine production?

A

The raw material that is processed into urine

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61
Q

What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

Simple squamous

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62
Q

What type of cells is the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule made of?

A

Podocytes

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63
Q

What do podocytes look like?

A

Octopus like, terminating in foot process with clefts between the processes

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64
Q

What are the clefts in the podocytes for?

A

Filtration slits where filtrate enters the capsular space

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65
Q

What substances should be in the filtrate?

A

Ions, glucose, amino acids

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66
Q

What substances should not be in the filtrate?

A

Blood cells and proteins

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67
Q

What are the main functions of the renal tubules?

A

Reabsorption and secretion

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68
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubule?

A

PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT
Collecting duct

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69
Q

Why do the tubules have coils?

A

To increase their length for filtrate processing time

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70
Q

Where is the majority of the filtrate reabsorbed? What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed there?

A

99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT

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71
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the PCT?

A

Cuboidal

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72
Q

What organelles are found in the PCT?

A

Large mitochondria

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73
Q

What structure is found on the apical surface of the PCT?

A

Brush border of microvilli to increase the surface area for reabsorption and secretion

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74
Q

What are the two parts of the loop of Henle and which is thick and thin?

A

Thin descending limb

Thick ascending limb

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75
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the descending limb?

A

Simple squamous

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76
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the ascending limb?

A

Cuboidal and columnar

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77
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the DCT?

A

Cuboidal

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78
Q

What structure does the DCT lack?

A

Microvilli

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79
Q

Which layer of the Bowman’s capsule do podocytes reside?

A

Visceral layer

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80
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the collecting duct?

A

Simple cuboidal

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81
Q

What two types of cells are found in the collecting duct?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

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82
Q

What do principal cells do and what kind of receptors do they have?

A

Maintain water/Na+ balance with ADH and aldosterone receptors

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83
Q

What do intercalated cells do?

A

Maintain the pH balance in the blood

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84
Q

What are the two types of intercalated cell types?

A

A and B

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85
Q

What do the collecting ducts fuse together to create?

A

Minor calyces

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86
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

They regulate the flow into the glomerulus, acting like smooth muscle cells

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87
Q

Where are mesangial cells located?

A

Between the afferent, efferent, and DCT

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88
Q

What cells surround the DCT?

A

Macula densa

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89
Q

What cells line the afferent arteriole?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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90
Q

Why are the juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells next to one another?

A

So that in emergencies, the macula densa can send messages to JG cells to secrete renin and increase volume

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91
Q

What percent of the nephrons are cortical and juxtamedullary?

A

85% cortical, 15% juxtamedullary

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92
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located?

A

Cortex

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93
Q

Are the loops of Henle short or long for cortical nephrons?

A

Short

94
Q

What type of capillaries are associated with cortical nephrons?

A

Peritubular

95
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A

Originate at the cortex-medulla junction

Extend deep into medulla

96
Q

Are the loops of Henle short or long for juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Long

97
Q

What type of capillaries are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa recta and peritubular

98
Q

What are the juxtamedullary nephrons’ specific function?

A

Concentrating or diluting urine

99
Q

Which limb in the juxtamedullary nephron has a thick and thin limb?

A

Ascending limb

100
Q

What type of epithelium is the glomerulus?

A

Simple squamous

101
Q

Where do afferent arterioles drain from?

A

Cortical radiate arteries

102
Q

Where do efferent arterioles drain to?

A

Peritubular and vasa recta capillaries

103
Q

Are peritubular capillaries low or high pressure?

A

Low

104
Q

What is the Bowman’s space?

A

The area between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowman’s capsule

105
Q

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

A

Glomerulus (first capillary bed)

106
Q

Which capillary bed reclaims the filtrate?

A

Peritubular or vasa recta (second capillary bed)

107
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

The region of each nephron where the distal portion of the ascending limb lies against the afferent arteriole

108
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular complex do?

A

Cells help regulate rate of filtrate formation and systemic BP

109
Q

What do the macula densa chemoreceptors monitor?

A

NaCl content of the filtrate entering the DCT

110
Q

What is another name for JG cells?

A

Granular cells

111
Q

What do the granules in the JG cells contain?

A

Renin

112
Q

What do the mechanoreceptors in the JG cells monitor?

A

BP in the afferent arteriole

113
Q

What do the mesangial cells do for the JG and macula densa cells?

A

Pass regulatory signals between the two

114
Q

What is the equation for the rate of excretion of a given substance?

A

Glomerular filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption

115
Q

What are the three processes for urine formation and adjustment of blood composition?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
116
Q

Where does fluid move to and from during glomerular filtration?

A

From the BV to the tubule

117
Q

What does tubular reabsorption accomplish?

A

Selectively moves substances from the filtrate back into the blood

118
Q

What happens to the substances that are not reabsorbed in the tubules?

A

It is formed into urine

119
Q

Where does fluid move to and from during tubular reasbsorption?

A

From the tubules to the BV

120
Q

What does tubular secretion accomplish?

A

Selectively moves substances from the blood to the filtrate

121
Q

Where does fluid move to and from during tubular secretion?

A

From BV to the tubules

122
Q

What two ions are commonly secreted from the blood to the tubules?

A

H+ and K+ if blood levels are too high

123
Q

How many times does the body filter the body’s entire plasma volume each day?

A

60 times a day!

124
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen do the kidneys use?

A

20-25%

125
Q

What does filtrate consist of?

A

Everything in the blood plasma except proteins

126
Q

What does urine consist of?

A

Unneeded substances like extra salts and metabolic wastes

127
Q

How much fluid do the kidneys process per day?

A

180 liters!

128
Q

What percent of the 180 L that the kidneys process daily leaves as urine?

A

Less than 1%

129
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

A

The fraction of blood plasma in the afferent arteriole that becomes the glomerular filtrate

130
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

A passive process where hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane

131
Q

Where is the filtration membrane?

A

Between the blood and interior of the glomerular capsule

132
Q

What does the filtration membrane permit through?

A

Permits filtration of water and small solutes but not proteins and blood cells

133
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Foot processes of the podocytes of the glomerular capsule
134
Q

What structure is analogous to a mesangial cell?

A

It acts like a precapillary sphincter, regulating the rate of filtration

135
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that PUSHES water and solutes across the membrane

136
Q

Why is there no osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

Because there are no proteins in the capsule

137
Q

What is the HP in the glomerular capillaries?

A

55 mm Hg

138
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure that PULLS due to the pressure exerted by proteins in the blood

139
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of blood?

A

30 mm Hg

140
Q

What is the capsular HP?

A

15 mm Hg

141
Q

What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?

A

10 mm Hg

55 - (15+30)

142
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all 2 million glomeruli

143
Q

What three things is the GFR directly proportional to?

A
  1. NFP*
  2. Total surface area available for filtration
  3. FIltration membrane permeability
144
Q

What is the value for the GFR?

A

120-125 ml/min

145
Q

Is the volume of fluid filtered in the glomerular capillaries smaller or larger than in most capillaries of the body?

A

Larger volume

146
Q

What happens to the filtration rate if the mesangial cells are relaxed?

A

Increased filtration rate

147
Q

Is the capillary BP in the glomerulus lower or higher than in most capillary beds of the body?

A

Higher

148
Q

What happens to the NFP if the BP decreases? What happens to the GFR then?

A

If BP decreases, NFP decreases and GFR decreases

149
Q

At what pressure does filtration halt?

A

If blood HP is below 45 mm Hg

150
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 (systolic-diastolic)

151
Q

What happens to urine output if GFR increases?

A

Urine output increases

152
Q

What can be changed to influence the value of GFR?

A

Changing glomerular HP changes GFR

153
Q

What happens to GFR if glomerular HP increases?

A

NFP increases so GFR increases

154
Q

What is the purpose of renal autoregulation?

A

To maintain adequate filtration over a wide range of blood pressures

155
Q

How does the body attain renal autoregulation?

A

The renal system adjusts its own resistance to blood flow, and also adjusts the glomerular capsule’s surface area available for filtration

156
Q

What are the two intrinsic renal autoregulation controls?

A
  1. Myogenic mechanism

2. Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

157
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism?

A

Vasscular smooth muscle contracts when stretched, so when BP increases, the stretch causes afferent arterioles to constrict and restricting blood flow into the glomerulus

158
Q

How fast does the myogenic mechanism work?

A

In seconds

159
Q

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A

Macula densa cells respond to the filtrate NaCl concentration - when NaCl levels are high, MD cells release vasocontrictor chemicals to decrease blood flow to the glomerulus, allowing more time for filtrate processing and NaCl reabsorption

160
Q

How fast does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism work?

A

Works slower

161
Q

What chemical does the macula densa cell use to vasoconstrict?

A

It inhibits the release of nitric oxide

162
Q

When do extrinsic controls take over?

A

When BP is below 90

163
Q

What are the two extrinsic controls?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS controls

2. Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

164
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do when BP decreases?

A

NE is released by the sympathetic NS causing smooth muscle to constrict and increase resistance, causing BP to increase

165
Q

What is the body’s main mechanism for increasing BP?

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone complex

166
Q

What two substances do the renal cells produce that affect the arterioles?

A

Adenosine and prostaglandin E2

167
Q

What triggers TG cells to secrete renin?

A

Decreased blood volume detected by the macula densa cells

168
Q

What does renin do?

A

Causes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

169
Q

What converts angiotensin I to II?

A

ACE

170
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Causes the contraction of smooth muscle, constrict the afferent arteriole and decreasing GFR

171
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates the principle cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na (and thus, Cl) and secrete K

172
Q

What structure releases ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary

173
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Controls facultative water reabsorption by principle cells in the last part of the DCT

174
Q

What is aquaporin 2?

A

Water channel protein stored in the principle cell

175
Q

Where is ANP secreted?

A

The atrium of the heart

176
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Results in increased urine output by suppressing secretion of aldosterone and ADH and suppressing the reabsorption of Na in the PCT

177
Q

What are the two routes for tubular reabsorption?

A

Transcellular and paracellular

178
Q

What is transcellular?

A

Substances move through the apical membrane, cytosol, basolateral membrane of the tubule cell, and the endothelium of peritubular capillaries

179
Q

What is paracellular?

A

Between the tubule cells, limited by tight junctions connecting the cells

180
Q

What does active tubular reabsorption require?

A

ATP

181
Q

What does passive tubular reabsorption involve?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis (moving down electrochemical gradient)

182
Q

What is the main site for reabsoption and secretion?

A

PCT

183
Q

What substances are commonly reabsorbed?

A 
Na
K
Ca
Cl
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
184
Q

What substances are commonly secreted?

A 
H
K
Ammonia
Creatine
Drugs
185
Q

WHat is the most abundant ion in filtrate?

A

Sodium

186
Q

What route is most common for the transport of sodium?

A

Transcellular route

187
Q

Where is the NaKATPase pump located?

A

Basolateral membrane

188
Q

What substances symport with Na?

A 
Glucose
Phosphate
Sulfate
Amino acids
Lactic acid
189
Q

What is the most common antiport with Na?

A

H+ (Na reabsorbed, H secreted)

190
Q

For every H+ secreted into tubular fluid, what substance is reabsorbed?

A

Bicarbonate

191
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Apical carrier moves Na down the gradient with a solute cotransported

192
Q

Where does the energy for secondary active transport come from?

A

Electrochemical gradient of an ion

193
Q

If the filtrate at the PCT is so different than in the loop of Henle, how does osmolarity stay the same?

A

Water is being reabsorbed in proportion with the amount of solute

194
Q

Is water reabsorption linked with reabsorption of solutes?

A

NOOOOOO

195
Q

Which limb is impermeable to water?

A

Ascending limb

196
Q

What percent of glucose and amino acids should be reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

100%

197
Q

Which limb reabsorbs solutes?

A

Ascending limb

198
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone triggered by?

A

Low Ca levels in blood

199
Q

What does ADH do to urine output?

A

Inhibits urine output

200
Q

WHat does ADH do to the cells of the collecting duct?

A

It makes the cells more permeable to water by causing aquaporins to be inserted into apical membranes

201
Q

What does aldosterone do to the principle cells of the collecting ducts?

A

Prods them to synthesize and retain more Na and K channels, so little or no Na leaves the body in urine

202
Q

How does aldosterone increase BP?

A

It enhances Na reabsorption and increase blood volume

203
Q

What does ANP do to the cells of the collecting ducts?

A

Inhibits the reabsorption of Na, decreasing Na, therefore volume and blood pressure

204
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do to the cells of the DCT?

A

Increases the reabsorption of Ca

205
Q

What do the principle cells reabsorb and secrete?

A

Reabsorb Na, secrete K

206
Q

What is the range for specific gravity?

A

1.003-1.035

207
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood urea nitrogen blood test

208
Q

What is the normal range for a BUN?

A

8-26 mg/dl

209
Q

What test should not every vary?

A

Creatine levels

210
Q

What is the normal level for creatine?

A

.5 - 1.2 mg/dl

211
Q

What is renal plasma clearance?

A

THe volume of blood that is cleared of a substance per unit time

212
Q

At what spinal level do the ureters begin?

A

L2

213
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder wall?

A

Obliquely and posterior

214
Q

Why do the ureters enter the bladder where they do?

A

It prevents backflow because of increased bladder pressure compressing and closing off the ureters

215
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters?

A
  1. Inner mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
216
Q

What type of epithelium is the inner mucosa of the ureter?

A

Transitional epithelium

217
Q

How many layers of muscularis are there in the ureters?

A

2 layers

218
Q

When is the muscularis of the ureter stimulated?

A

When incoming urine distends the ureters, it stimulates the muscularis to contract and propells the urine along

219
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

220
Q

Where is the bladder located in the body?

A

Retroperitoneal

221
Q

What is the trigone?

A

The area where openings for ureters and urethra are found

222
Q

What are the layers of the bladder?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. External urethral sphincter
  4. Adventitia
223
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the muscularis of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

224
Q

What does the bladder look like when it is empty?

A

It collapses into a basic pyramidal shape and walls fold into rugae

225
Q

What does the bladder look like when it accumulates urine?

A

Pear shaped

226
Q

What type of epithelium lines the urethra?

A

Pseudostratified columnar, and transitional near the bladder

227
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter controlled by?

A

ANS

228
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter in/voluntary?

A

Involuntary

229
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Surrounds the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm

230
Q

What type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle, therefore it is voluntary

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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