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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Chapter 27 Reproductive > Flashcards

2 A&P II Chapter 27 Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general name for the primary sex organs?

A

Gonads

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2
Q

What are the male and female primary sex organs?

A

Testes and ovaries

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3
Q

What are the two functions of the primary sex organs?

A

Produce sex cells (gametes), and secrete sex hormones

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4
Q

What are the gametes for males and females?

A

Sperm and oocytes

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5
Q

What is the zygote?

A

The first cell of a new individual, resulting from the fused sperm and egg

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6
Q

When are the reproductive systems dormant until?

A

Puberty

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7
Q

What does GnRh stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A

FSH and LH

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus release?

A

GnRh

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10
Q

What makes up the perineum?

A

Symphysis pubis anteriorly
Ischeal tuberosities laterally
Coccyx posteriorly

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the broad ligament?

A
  1. Mesosalpinx
  2. Mesovarium
  3. Mesometrium
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12
Q

What part of the broad ligament covers the fallopian tubes?

A

Mesosalpinx

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13
Q

What part of the broad ligament covers the ovaries?

A

Mesovarium

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14
Q

What part of the broad ligament covers the uterus?

A

Mesometrium

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15
Q

What are the two triangles of the perineum?

A

Urogenital triangle and Anal triangle

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16
Q

What composes the urogenital triangle?

A

Urethra
Vaginal opening
Base of penis and scrotum
Muscles

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17
Q

What composes the anal triangle?

A

Anus

External sphincter

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18
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch?

A

The space between the uterus and the bladder

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19
Q

What is the rectouterine pouch?

A

The space between the uterus and the rectum

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20
Q

What are the female accessory sex organs?

A 
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
Mammary glands
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21
Q

What do ovaries look like?

A

Two paired almonds

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22
Q

What four ligaments hold the ovaries in place?

A
  1. Ovarian ligament
  2. Suspensory ligament
  3. Mesovarian ligament
  4. Broad ligament
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23
Q

What does the ovarian ligament anchor?

A

Anchors the ovary medially to the uterus

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24
Q

What does the suspensory ligament anchor?

A

Anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

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25
Q

What does the Mesovarium ligament anchor?

A

Double fold of peritoneum that attaches ovary to broad ligament

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26
Q

What does the broad ligament anchor?

A

Drape of peritoneum that hangs over the uterus, supporting the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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27
Q

What arteries and veins supply the ovary?

A

Ovarian arteries branching off the abdominal aorta

Ovarian veins draining into the IVC

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28
Q

At what spinal level does the sympathetic nervous system branch from to innervate the ovaries?

A

T10

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29
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

Continuous with the peritoneum (MISNOMER does not produce gametes)

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30
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Surrounds the ovary externally

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31
Q

Which layer sits on top, germinal epithelium or tunica albuginea?

A

Germinal sits on top

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32
Q

What structures are found in the cortex of the ovary?

A

Follicles

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33
Q

What occurs in the follicles?

A

Formation of gametes

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34
Q

What is found in the medulla of the ovary?

A

CT, BV, nerves, lymphatics

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35
Q

What comprises a follicle?

A

An oocyte surrounded by follicle cells

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36
Q

What are follicle cells called if more than one layer of cells is present?

A

Granulosa cells

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37
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

A single layer of follicle cells around the oocyte

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38
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

An oocyte surrounded by more than one layer of cells

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39
Q

What does a primary follicle secrete?

A

Estrogen

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40
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

An oocyte with many layers of follicle cells, a small fluid filled antrum, zona pellucide, and corona radiata

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41
Q

What is a zona pellucida?

A

The thick protective coating around the oocyte

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42
Q

What is a corona radiata?

A

The inner most layer of follicle cells

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43
Q

What is a vesicular or tertiary follicle? What is another name for it?

A

A grafian follicle is a mature follicle with a large antrum and a secondary oocyte that is arrested in metaphase II

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the antrum?

A

Water gives the structure the power to eject from the ovary

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45
Q

What hormone stimulates ovulation?

A

LH

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46
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

After ovulation, it is the remnants of a ruptured follicle

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47
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

Relaxin and inhibin

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48
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum after a period of time?

A

Degenerates

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49
Q

Why does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone and estrogen?

A

To stimulate the uterine lining to prepare it for possible implantation

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50
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

Inhibits uterine contractions

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51
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH and LH

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52
Q

What is a corpus albicans?

A

When the corpus luteum turns to a scar

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53
Q

Do corpus albicans stay in the ovary?

A

Most are reabsorbed but a few may remain

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54
Q

What is the most common site for fertilization?

A

Ampulla

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55
Q

What part of the sperm has to bury through what part of the follicle?

A

The acrosome has to burrow through the zona pellucida using its degradative enzymes

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56
Q

How many sperm carry the X and Y chromosome?

A

50% X 50% Y

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57
Q

Which sperm swims faster male or female?

A

Male sperm swin faster

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58
Q

Does the first sperm to reach the follicle become daddy?

A

No, the first sperm that actually penetrates is daddy

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59
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

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60
Q

What is oogonia?

A

The fetal period where oocytes rapidly multiply with mitosis

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61
Q

Are oogonia haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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62
Q

Where do oogonia stop in meiosis?

A

The arrest in prophase of meiosis I

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63
Q

When do oocytes begin meiosis again?

A

Puberty

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64
Q

How many primordial follicles are present in the ovaries at birth?

A

1.5-2 million

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65
Q

What is happening in the ovaries during childhood?

A

Nothing, they are inactive and no follicles are developing

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66
Q

What happens to many follicles during childhood?

A

Atresia, programmed cell death

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67
Q

How many primordial follicles remain at puberty?

A

400,000

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68
Q

What hormones result in the ovarian cycle?

A

GnRh, FSH, LH

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69
Q

What hormone is dominant in the first half of the ovarian cycle?

A

Estrogen

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70
Q

What hormone is dominant in the second half of the ovarian cycle?

A

Progesterone, after ovulation

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71
Q

What does FSH do for primordial follicles?

A

It rescues a handful of follicles from atresia

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72
Q

Do all the primordial follicles undergo meiosis?

A

No, just one becomes the dominant follicle

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73
Q

What is the large cell called after the follicle undergoes meiosis I?

A

Secondary oocyte

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74
Q

What are the small cells called after the follicle undergoes meiosis I?

A

First polar bodies (3)

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75
Q

Where does the secondary oocyte arrest is meiosis?

A

Metaphase II

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76
Q

What is the name of the cell that is ovulated?

A

Secondary oocyte

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77
Q

What happens if a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte? What does it produce?

A

It completes meiosis II producing second polar bodies and an ovum

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78
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

A month series of events associated with the maturation of an egg

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79
Q

How long is the average ovarian cycle?

A

28 days

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80
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular and Luteal

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81
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

When dominant follicle is selected and begins to secrete large amounts of estrogen

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82
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

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83
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Period of corpus luteum activity

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84
Q

What do FSH and LH do during the follicular phase?

A

Stimulate 20 primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles

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85
Q

What does LH do to fluid?

A

Causes it to increase

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86
Q

What is cumulus oophorous?

A

The oocyte on the side of the follicle with surrounding cells

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87
Q

When in the ovarian cycle does the menstrual flow occur?

A

In the first five days of the cycle

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88
Q

Where does variability in the length of the ovarian cycle occur?

A

In the beginning (probably in the menstrual flow)

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89
Q

What hormone does a pregnancy test look for?

A

hCG, Human chorionic gonadoropin

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90
Q

What structure makes hCG?

A

Embryo

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91
Q

How can we measure levels of hCG?

A

In the mother’s blood and urine

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92
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of the one secondary oocyte from the grafian follicle

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93
Q

Does ovulation occur from both ovaries each month?

A

No, it alternates from left to right

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94
Q

What hormone surges at ovulation?

A

LH

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95
Q

What days of the cycle are considered the luteal phase?

A

14-28

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96
Q

What happens to the remaining follicular cells in the luteal phase?

A

They become corpus luteums

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97
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete during the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

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98
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A

It becomes a corpus albicans

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99
Q

What happens in the body if fertilization does not occur and a corpus albicans forms?

A

Levels of progesterone and estrogen decline and menstruation occurs

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100
Q

What is menarche?

A

The first menstrual cycle, occurring around ages 11 or 12

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101
Q

What is the first step if fertilization does occur? What is secreted?

A

A pre embryo implants, and the pre embryo secretes hCG

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102
Q

What does hCG do?

A

It stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone for three months

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103
Q

When does the corpus luteum stop secreting progesterone?

A

After three months when the placenta is formed and takes over hormone production

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104
Q

What is the stage right before menopause?

A

Perimenopause

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105
Q

What happens during perimenopause?

A

Estrogen levels decrease and menses become irregular

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106
Q

When do we consider a woman to be in menopause?

A

When there have been no periods for a year

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107
Q

What age does menopause occur?

A

Between 45-55

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108
Q

What is the sneaky STD?

A

Chlamydia

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109
Q

Why is chlamydia sneaky?

A

It may have no symptoms and can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes and infertility

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110
Q

What symptoms are associated with gonorrhea?

A

Green discharge and pain

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111
Q

What are two other names for fallopian tubes?

A

Oviducts and uterine tubes

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112
Q

What are the two functions of the fallopian tubes?

A

Receive ovulated egg and site for fertilizations

113
Q

How long does it take to get to the uterus from the fallopian tube?

A

3-4 days

114
Q

What part of the broad ligament covers the fallopian tube?

A

Mesosalpinx

115
Q

What part of the fallopian tube is the area that dumps into the uterus?

A

Isthmus

116
Q

What is the area of the fallopian tube that becomes very wide?

A

Ampulla

117
Q

What part of the fallopian tube is the end that hangs over the ovary?

A

Infundibulum

118
Q

What are the projections called off the infundibulum?

A

Fimbriae

119
Q

What does the infundibulum do around ovulation?

A

It drapes over the ovaries and fimbriae sweep the ovarian surface to carry the oocyte into the tube

120
Q

How many layers of muscularis does the fallopian tube have?

A

2 - inner circular, outer longitudinal

121
Q

Is the uterus anterior or posterior to the bladder?

A

Posterior to bladder

122
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Receives, retains, and nourishes ovum

Site of implantation of pre embryo

123
Q

What is the position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted

124
Q

What is the round top of the uterus?

A

Fundus

125
Q

What is the narrowed region of the uterus between the body and the cervix?

A

Isthmus

126
Q

What is the narrow neck of the uterus that lets of into the vagina?

A

Cervix

127
Q

What structure is located in the cervical canal?

A

Mucous plug

128
Q

What structure does the cervix communicate with the vagina via?

A

External os

129
Q

What structure does the cervix communicate with the uterus via?

A

Internal os

130
Q

What is the function of the mucous plug?

A

To prevent bacteria from spreading into the uterus, and to block sperm entry except during midcycle when the mucous is thin

131
Q

Where does the mesometrium support the uterus?

A

Laterally

132
Q

Where do the cardinal ligaments support the uterus?

A

Extend from cervix and superior vagina to lateral walls of the pelvis, preventing the uterus from prolapse

133
Q

What is another name for the cardinal ligaments?

A

Transverse cervical ligament

134
Q

Where do the uterosacral ligaments support the uterus?

A

Secure the posterior uterus to sacrum

135
Q

Where does the round ligament support the uterus?

A

Attaches uterus to anterior pelvic wall, running to anchor to the labia majora, keeps vagina anteverted

136
Q

When do the ligaments allow motility of the uterus?

A

Changes when rectum and bladder fill and empty

137
Q

What is the muscular sling that supports the uterus?

A

Urogenital diaphragm and pelvic diaphragm

138
Q

How many layers of muscularis does the uterus have?

A

Three

139
Q

Where does the uterine artery branch off of?

A

Internal iliac artery

140
Q

What is the progression of arteries from the uterine artery?

A

Uterine artery
Arcuate arteries
Radial arteries
Spiral arteries

141
Q

Where do the spiral arteries lead to?

A

Stratum functionalis

142
Q

What are the three tunics of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
143
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

The incompletel outermost serous layer of the uterus, the serosa

144
Q

What is the perimetrium continuous with?

A

Broad ligament

145
Q

What layer of the uterus is the thickest?

A

Myometrium

146
Q

What does the myometrium do during childbirth?

A

Contracts rhythmically to expel the baby

147
Q

What type of epithelium is the endometrium?

A

Simple columnar

148
Q

Where are the uterine glands located?

A

The lamina propria within the endometrium

149
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. Stratum basales

2. Stratum functionalis

150
Q

What layer of the endometrium is the deepest?

A

Stratum basales

151
Q

What layer of the endometrium is the permanent one?

A

Stratum basales

152
Q

What is the function of stratum basales?

A

Forms new functionalis after menstruation

153
Q

What is the function of the stratum functionalis?

A

If grows during the menstrual cycle due to P&E and is sloughed if no fertilization occurs

154
Q

What is another name for the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterine cycle

155
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to waxing and waning of ovarian hormones in the blood

156
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
157
Q

What days of the cycle is the menstrual phase?

A

Days 1-5

158
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A

Menses - the uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium

159
Q

What happens to the levels of hormones during the menstrual phase?

A

Ovarian hormones are at their lowest and gonadotropins are beginning to rise

160
Q

What do follicles do by day 5?

A

They produce more estrogen

161
Q

What days of the cycle is the proliferative phase?

A

Days 6-14

162
Q

What does the proliferative phase coincide with?

A

Follicular development

163
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A

The endometrium rebuilds itself

164
Q

What is happening to hormone levels during the proliferative phase?

A

Rising levels of estrogen

165
Q

What happens in terms of sperm movement when estrogen levels rise?

A

Estrogen levels rising makes the mucous plug thin and sperm can pass into the uterus

166
Q

What does estrogen do to endometrial cell receptors?

A

The endometrial cells develop progesterone receptors

167
Q

What happens to the layers of the endometrium due to estrogen?

A

Estrogen causes the basal layer to generates a new functional layer

168
Q

What days of the cycle is the secretory phase?

A

Days 15-28

169
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

The endometrium is preparing for the embryo to implant

170
Q

What happens to hormone levels during the secretory phase?

A

Levels of progesterone increase from the corpus luterum

171
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle does not vary? Which phase do vary?

A

The secretory phase does not vary - it is always 14 days before menses
If the cycle is not 28 days long, the menstrual and proliferative phases are longer

172
Q

What structures is the vagina located between?

A

Bladder and rectum

173
Q

What is the aka for the vagina?

A

Birth canal

174
Q

What are the two functions of the vagina?

A

Passageway for infant and menstrual flow

Female organ of copulation, receiving the penis

175
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
176
Q

What kind of epithelium is the mucosa of the vagina?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified sqamous to withstand friction

177
Q

Why does the vagina have rugae?

A

To stimulate the penis

178
Q

What is the pH of the vagina?

A

Acidic

179
Q

What is the hymen?

A

Located near the vaginal orifice, an incomplete partition, very vascularized and stretches or ruptures during first sexual intercourse

180
Q

Are there smooth or skeletal muscle fibers at the vaginal orifice?

A

Skeletal

181
Q

How many layers of the muscularis does the vagina have?

A

Two

182
Q

What makes up the adventitia of the vagina?

A

Elastic fibers and areolar CT

183
Q

What is the vaginal fornix?

A

The upper end of the vaginal canal loosely surrounding the cervix, producing a vaginal recess

184
Q

How small is the lumen of the vagina?

A

The posterior and anterior walls touch - very small

185
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

The fatty rounded area over the pubic symphysis

186
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Running from mons pubis, two elongated, hairy, fatty skin folds

187
Q

What is the labia majora homologous to?

A

Scrotum

188
Q

What is the labia minora homologous to?

A

Ventral penis

189
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

THe recess containing urethral and vaginal openings

190
Q

What is the bulb of the vestibule?

A

The erectile body on the sides of the vaginal orifice

191
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands?

A

The secrete mucous into the vestibule to help keep it moist and lubricated

192
Q

What is another name for the greater vestibular glands?

A

Bartholin’s glands

193
Q

What are the Bartholin’s glands homologous to?

A

THe bulbourethral glands

194
Q

What is the fourchette?

A

THe posterior end of the vestibule and labia minora come together to form a ridge

195
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Mostly erectile tissue

196
Q

What is the gland of clitoris?

A

The exposed part

197
Q

What is the prepuce of the clitoris?

A

The hood of skin fold over the clitoris

198
Q

What is the clitoris homologous to?

A

Penis

199
Q

What part of the female genitalia fills with blood during intercourse and why?

A

The bulbs of vestibule fill with blood to help grip the penis

200
Q

Do the mammary glands function in both sexes?

A

No just females

201
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A

To produce milk to mourish the newborn

202
Q

What are the mammary glands modified versions of?

A

Modified sweat glands

203
Q

What is the areola?

A

Slightly below the center of the breast, ring of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

204
Q

What are the bumpy parts around the nipple?

A

Large sebaceous glands in the areola to reduce chapping of the nipple

205
Q

What happens when the ANS innervates the nipple?

A

It is erect when cold or sexually stimulated

206
Q

How many lobes radiate around and open at the nipple?

A

15-25 lobes

207
Q

What does interlobar tissue in the breast form?

A

Suspensory ligaments that attach the breast to underlying muscle fascia and overlying dermis

208
Q

What kind of alveoli do the lobules of the breast contain?

A

Glandular alveoli that produce milk when lactating

209
Q

What ducts do the alveolar glands pass milk into to open to the outside at the nipple?

A

Alveolar glands pass milk into lactiferous ducts

210
Q

What is the dilated part of each lactiferous duct?

A

Lactiferous sinus

211
Q

What happens at the lactiferous sinus?

A

Milk accumulates during nursing

212
Q

What are the two hormones for lactation?

A

Prolactin and oxytocin

213
Q

What do prolactin and oxytocin do?

A

Prolactin produces milk

Oxytocin initiates milk let down (and also contraction of uterus during labor)

214
Q

What are the primary male gonads?

A

Testes

215
Q

What is the flow of semen through the ducts?

A 
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Tip of penis
216
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Sac of skin and superficial fascia

217
Q

What is the temperature in the scrotum and why?

A

3 degrees cooler than body temperature for sperm production

218
Q

What is the scrotum homologous to?

A

Labia majora

219
Q

What is the raphe?

A

Where the scrotal tissue fuses

220
Q

What happens to the testes when it is cold?

A

They are pulled closer to the body for warmth

221
Q

What muscle is located in the superficial fascia of the scrotum?

A

Dartos muscle

222
Q

What does the dartos muscle do?

A

Wrinkles scrotal skin

223
Q

What muscle surrounds the testes that acts in elevating them?

A

Cremaster muscle

224
Q

What does the cremaster muscle arise from?

A

Internal oblique muscles

225
Q

What two substances do the testes produce?

A

Sperm and androgens

226
Q

What are the two layers of the testes?

A
  1. Tunica vaginalis

2. Tunica albuginea

227
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

The outer layer of the testes derived from the outpocketing of peritoneum with the visceral and parietal layers

228
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The deep layer of the testes of fibrous capsule

229
Q

What is the mediasitnum testis?

A

The thickened part of the tunica albuginea posteriorly where BVs, ducts, lymphatics, and nerves enter

230
Q

What divides the testes into lobules? How many lobules?

A

The septa from the tunica albuginea divides the testes into 250 lobules

231
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule?

A

Up to four tubules

232
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the seminiferous tubules?

A

Thick stratified epithelium

233
Q

What are the two cells in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli and spermatogonia

234
Q

Where do the Sertoli cells extend to and from?

A

From the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule all the way to the lumen

235
Q

What forms the blood testes barrier?

A

TIght junctions in the Sertoli cells

236
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cell? (6)

A

To nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm
Control movement of spermatocytes
Release sperm into lumen of the tubules
Produce fluid for transport
Secrete androgen binding proteins and inhibin
Mediate effects of testosterone and FSH

237
Q

What are myoid cells?

A

They surround the seminiferous tubule in 3-5 layers, acting like smooth muscle cells squeezing sperm and fluid through the tubules

238
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial endocrinocytes that secrete testosterone

239
Q

What is the pathway from the seminiferous tubules?

A 
Seminiferous
Straight
Rete Testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
240
Q

What are the three layers of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Internal spermatic fascia
  2. Cremaster muscle and cremastic fascia
  3. External spermatic fascia
241
Q

What are the four components of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Testicular artery
  2. Pampiniform plexus
  3. Testicular nerve fibers
  4. Vas deferens
242
Q

What does the pampiniform plexus do?

A

It is a venous plexus that cools off arterial blood before entering the testes

243
Q

What is spermatogenesis versus spermiogenesis?

A

Spermato is involved in getting the chromosome count right, while spermio is involved in getting the shape of the sperm correct

244
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process of sperm development in the seminiferous tubules

245
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

Puberty

246
Q

What hormones initiate spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and LH

247
Q

How many sperm are made each day?

A

400 million

248
Q

How many chromosomes are in gametes?

A

23 chromosomes - they are haploid

249
Q

How many nuclear divisions are involved in meiosis?

A

Two sets of nuclear divisions

250
Q

How many daughter cells are produced from meiosis?

A

Four, each with half as many chromosomes as a normal body cell

251
Q

What are the male stem cells called?

A

Spermatogonia

252
Q

Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

253
Q

What are the two types of daughter cells?

A

Type A and B

254
Q

Where do Type A daughter cells remain?

A

They remain in the basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells

255
Q

What is a type A daughter cell called in males?

A

Spermatogonium

256
Q

Where does a Type B daughter cell go and what is it now called?

A

The primary spermatocyte gets pushed towards the lumen

257
Q

Is a primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid, and will now undergo meiosis

258
Q

What does a primary spermatocyte produce?

A

2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

259
Q

What do the secondary spermatocytes produce?

A

Each will produce two haploid spermatids, resulting in a total of four haploid spermatids

260
Q

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogensis

261
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids elongate their nucleus, shed excess cytoplasm, form tails, form acromsonal tips with digestive enzymes, form flagellum, and form a midpiece with mitochondria and centrioles, becoming sperm

262
Q

Are spermatozoa fully motile right after spermiogenesis?

A

No

263
Q

What does point and shoot refer to?

A

Parasympathetic causes erection

Sympathetic causes ejaculation

264
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

The sperm are stored and matured here until they are fully motile

265
Q

How long can sperm remain in the epididymis?

A

They can remain viable for months

266
Q

Around what structures does the vas deferens terminate?

A

At bladder and prostate gland

267
Q

What is the final section of the vas deferens called?

A

Ampulla

268
Q

What two structures form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ampulla of vas deferens and seminal vesicle

269
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct enter and then empty?

A

Enters the prostate and empties into the urethra

270
Q

What are the layers of the vas deferens?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
271
Q

How many layers does the musuclaris of the vas deferens have?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle to move the sperm through the tube

272
Q

What two substances does the urethra transport?

A

Urine and semen

273
Q

What are the three parts of the urethra?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Penile

274
Q

Where is the membranous urethra?

A

At the level of the urogential diaphragm

275
Q

What three glands make the bulk of semen and fluid required to nourish sperm?

A
  1. Seminal vesicle
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral glands
276
Q

What is the pH of seminal fluid?

A

Alkaline

277
Q

What does seminal fluid contain to nourish sperm?

A

Fructose

278
Q

What do prostaglandins in seminal fluid do?

A

Cause the female cervical os to widen

279
Q

Is the pH of the fluid secreted by the prostate acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic, although the alkaline fluid from the seminal vesicle dominates

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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