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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Lab Exercise 6 and 7 > Flashcards

2 A&P II Lab Exercise 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What do cells need to carry out their metabolic processes?

A

A constant supply of oxygen

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2
Q

What is the respiratory system comprised of?

A

A series of passageways and tubes of decreasing diameter for carrying air to the alveoli

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3
Q

What are alveoli made up of?

A

Simple squamous cell sacs

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4
Q

How does oxygen pass from the alveoli to the capillaries?

A

Simple diffusion

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5
Q

What are the four levels at which respiration occurs?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
  4. Cellular respiration
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6
Q

What is pulomnary ventilation?

A

Breathing, the mechanism by which air physically moves into and out of the lungs

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7
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gas between the lung air cells and the pulmonary blood

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8
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gas between the blood and the cells of the body

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9
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The use of oxygen as a final electron acceptor at the end of the metabolic pathways for the production of energy stored as ATP

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10
Q

What function is the respiratory system involved in, in addition to respiration?

A

Producing sound

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11
Q

What influences whether soft or loud sounds are produced?

A

How forcefully air passes over the vocal folds

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12
Q

How is the pitch of sound controlled?

A

The tension on the vocal cords

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13
Q

What are the main structures of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lungs
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14
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

The inside of the nose

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15
Q

What are the external nares?

A

The two openings into the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What are the internal nares?

A

The two opening from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx

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17
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

The wall that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

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18
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A

The three projections of the turbinate bones extending from the lateral walls of each nasal cavity, divide the nasal cavity into passageways, and provide more surface area for moistening, warming, and filtering air

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19
Q

What are the three nasal chonchae?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

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20
Q

What are the nasal meatuses?

A

The three grooves or passageways created by the conchae

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21
Q

What is the palate?

A

The flooor of the nasal cavity and roof of oral cavity

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22
Q

What part of the palate is hard and soft?

A

The anterior 2/3 is hard and the posterior 1/3 is soft

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23
Q

What is olfactory epithelium?

A

Located in the roof of the nasal cavity below the cribiform plates of the ethmoid bone, has olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

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24
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity?

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25
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Ethmoid
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26
Q

What are the sinuses lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

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27
Q

Where do the sinuses drain into?

A

Nasal cavity

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28
Q

How do the sinuses effect sound?

A

Serve as resonant chambers for the production of sound

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29
Q

What is the pharynx a passageway to?

A

From the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx

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30
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Lies immediately posterior to the nasal cavity, air passes into it from the nasal cavity

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31
Q

What tonsils are located in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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32
Q

What ear structure is located in the nasopharynx?

A

Opening of the eustachian tube

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33
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Located posterior to the oral cavity, the passageway for air and food

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34
Q

What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine and lingual

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35
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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36
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Lateral margin of the oropharynx

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37
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

Base of the tongue

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38
Q

What is the fauces?

A

The opening for the oral cavity into the oropharynx - the space between the oral cavity and the pharynx

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39
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

Connects the middle ear cavities with the nasopharynx, equalizes air pressure

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40
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

Located posterior to the epiglottis, opens the larynx and esophagus as a passageway for food

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41
Q

What is another name for the voice box?

A

Larynx

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42
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

The pharynx with the trachea

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43
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The opening into the larynx partially formed by the vocal cords (the opening between the cords)

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44
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A leaf shaped cartilage superior to the larynx, closes off the larynx during swallowing, keeping food out

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45
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

The largest cartilage, aka Adam’s apple

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46
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

The inferior, ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx

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47
Q

What is the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Paired cartilage above the cricoid cartilage that attach to the vocal folds

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48
Q

What is the corniculate cartilage?

A

Paired, horn shaped cartilages above the arytenoid cartilages

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49
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A

The true vocal cords, located inferior to the false vocal cords, vibrations of the vocal cords produce sounds, and tension changes pitch

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50
Q

What are the ventricular folds?

A

The false vocal cords, and upper pair of folds

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51
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A straight tube continuing below the larynx and located anterior to the esophagus

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52
Q

What are the walls of the trachea composed of?

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

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53
Q

Where is the open part of the C shape in the tracheal cartilage?

A

Posterior

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54
Q

What is the gap in the C shaped tracheal cartilage held together by?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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55
Q

What type of cells are located in the trachea?

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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56
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Right and left Primary bronchi

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57
Q

What diameter is when a branch is considered a bronchiole?

A

Less than 1 mm

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58
Q

How many levels of branches are there in bronchi?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

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59
Q

What is the progression (getting smaller) once the tubes become bronchioles?

A
  1. Terminal bronchioles
  2. Respiratory bronchioles
  3. Alveolar ducts
  4. Alveolar sacs
  5. Individual alveoli
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60
Q

What is the entire branching configuration of the trachea and bronchi called?

A

Bronchial tree

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61
Q

How many lobes on the right side of the heart?

A

3

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62
Q

How many lobes on the left side of the heart?

A

2

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63
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there total?

A

5 - 3 to the right and 2 to the left

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64
Q

What is the carina?

A

The lowest part of the trachea where it splits into primary bronchi

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65
Q

What is the main function of the carina?

A

It contains cough receptors so that particles do not enter the lungs

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66
Q

What membrane covers the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

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67
Q

What membrane lines the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal pleura

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68
Q

Which primary bronchi branches straight down?

A

Right

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69
Q

Which primary bronchi branches down at an angle?

A

Left

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70
Q

What is the term for groups of tertiary bronchioles?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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71
Q

What is the base?

A

Inferior part of lung that rests on diaphragm

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72
Q

What is the apex?

A

Superior part of lung near clavicle

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73
Q

What is the costal surface?

A

Lung surface near the ribs

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74
Q

What is the mediastinal surface?

A

Medial surface of the lung

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75
Q

What is the hilus?

A

The entrance and exit of primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, aka hilum

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76
Q

What are the fissures of the lungs?

A

Horizontal and oblique

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77
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure located?

A

On the right

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78
Q

Where is the oblique fissure located?

A

On the right and left

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79
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the lungs?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

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80
Q

What is the progression of cell types throughout the bronchial tree?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar - cuboidal - simple squamous

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81
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells found?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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82
Q

Where are cuboidal cells found?

A

Bronchioles

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83
Q

Where are simple squamous cells found?

A

Alveoli

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84
Q

Does smooth muscle increase or decrease from the bronchi to the bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle increases from bronchi to bronchioles

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85
Q

What tubes have no smooth muscle?

A

Alveoli

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86
Q

Does cartilage increase or decrease from the bronchi to the bronchioles?

A

Cartilage decreases from bronchi to bronchiole

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87
Q

1

A

Frontal sinus

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88
Q

2

A

Ethmoid sinus

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89
Q

3

A

Sphenoid sinus

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90
Q

4

A

Maxillary sinus

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91
Q

5

A

Sphenoid sinus

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92
Q

6

A

Ethmoid sinus

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93
Q

7

A

Frontal sinus

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94
Q

8

A

Maxillary sinus

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95
Q

9

A

Epiglottis

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96
Q

10

A

Hyoid

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97
Q

11

A

Thyroid cartilage

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98
Q

12

A

Cricoid cartilage

99
Q

13

A

Hyaline cartilage

100
Q

14

A

Trachea

101
Q

15

A

Epiglottis

102
Q

16

A

Hyoid

103
Q

17

A

Thyroid cartilage

104
Q

18

A

Corniculate cartilage

105
Q

19

A

Arytenoid cartilage

106
Q

20

A

Cricoid cartilage

107
Q

21

A

Trachea

108
Q

22

A

Hyaline cartilage

109
Q

23 - What would you see hear? What is also located underneath?

A

First you would see false vocal cords, and the true vocal cords are located underneath

110
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the trachea called?

A

Trachealis

111
Q

24

A

Trachea

112
Q

25

A

Primary bronchi

113
Q

26

A

Secondary bronchi

114
Q

27

A

Tertiary bronchi

115
Q

28

A

Alveolar duct

116
Q

29

A

Alveolar sac

117
Q

30

A

Alveoli

118
Q

31

A

Carina

119
Q

32

A

Larynx

120
Q

33

A

Trachea

121
Q

34

A

Apex

122
Q

35

A

Horizontal fissure

123
Q

36

A

Oblique fissure

124
Q

37

A

RIght superior lobe

125
Q

38

A

Right middle lobe

126
Q

39

A

Right inferior lobe

127
Q

40

A

Base

128
Q

41

A

Diaphragm

129
Q

42

A

Oblique fissure

130
Q

43

A

Left inferior lobe

131
Q

44

A

Left superior lobe

132
Q

What bones make up the nose?

A

Palatine and 3 concha

133
Q

What type of cells do you find in the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells interspersed

134
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous cells in the pharynx?

A

Anywhere where food goes down

135
Q

What bones make up the hard palate?

A

Maxilla and the palatine bone

136
Q

How do the hard and soft palate move?

A

They elevate to block substances from entering the nose

137
Q

45

A

Frontal sinus

138
Q

46

A

Nasal cavity

139
Q

47

A

External nares

140
Q

48

A

Hard palate

141
Q

49

A

Soft palate

142
Q

50

A

Uvula

143
Q

51

A

Hyoid bone

144
Q

52

A

Epiglottis

145
Q

53

A

Vocal cords

146
Q

54

A

Thyroid cartilage

147
Q

55

A

Cricoid cartilage

148
Q

56

A

Larynx

149
Q

57

A

Oropharynx

150
Q

58

A

Palatine tonsil

151
Q

59

A

Oropharynx

152
Q

60

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

153
Q

61

A

Pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube

154
Q

62

A

Internal nares

155
Q

63

A

Sphenoidal sinus

156
Q

64

A

Lingual tonsil

157
Q

What is the internal nares?

A

The dividing line between the nasal cavity and the pharynx

158
Q

Does a pulmonary artery enter or leave the lungs?

A

Enters

159
Q

Does a pulmonary vein enter or leave the lungs?

A

Leaves

160
Q

What vessels are associated with a bronchus?

A

Artery and vein

161
Q

What vessels are associated with a bronchiole?

A

Arteriole and venule

162
Q

What vessels are associated with alveoli?

A

Capillaries

163
Q

What is the respiratory membrane formed by?

A

Simple squamous epithelium of alveoli
Simple squamous epithelium of surrounding capillary
Both basement membranes

164
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing - moving air in and out of the lungs

165
Q

Where are the respiratory centers located?

A

Medulla

166
Q

What muscles are stimulated by nerves from the medulla to stimulate inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

167
Q

How do external intercostal muscles influence inspiration?

A

They contract therefore raising the rib cage

168
Q

How does the diaphragm influence inspiration?

A

It contracts, moving downward towards the abdominal cavity

169
Q

Is the pressure in the lungs more or less than atmospheric after the diaphragm and intercostals contract?

A

Cavity is lengthened and widened, lungs expand, and the pressure is less than 760

170
Q

Why does air rush into the lungs during inspiration?

A

It is moving from an area of high to lower pressure

171
Q

When the diaphragm and intercostals relax, is the pressure in the cavity more or less than atmospheric?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs causes the volume to decrease and air pressure increases above atmospheric

172
Q

Why does air rush out of the lungs with expiration?

A

Because pressure in the thorax is greater than atmospheric

173
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Decreases surface tension of alveoli so they don’t collapse between breaths

174
Q

What cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

175
Q

What is the most important factor that influence the depth and rate of breathing?

A

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood

176
Q

What structure does a high level of carbon dioxide stimulate?

A

Chemoreceptors in the brain stem

177
Q

What other factor influences the depth and rate of breathing?

A

Increased hydrogen ion concentration

178
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

Respiratory air volumes and capacities of the lungs

179
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing

180
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air in addition to the TV taken in with a deep breath

181
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration

182
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that leaves the lungs during forced expiration

183
Q

What is the value of TV?

A

500

184
Q

What is the value of IRV?

A

3100

185
Q

What is the value of ERV?

A

1200

186
Q

What is the value of RV?

A

1200

187
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

188
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximal inspiration

189
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lungs

190
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total volume of air that the lungs can hold

191
Q

What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

192
Q

What is the equation for functional capacity?

A

ERV + RV

193
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

IRV +TV + IRV

194
Q

What is the equation for total lung capacity?

A

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

195
Q

What is the value for inspiratory capacity?

A

3600

196
Q

What is the value for functional residual capacity?

A

2400

197
Q

What is the value for vital capacity?

A

4800

198
Q

What is the value for total lung capacity?

A

6000

199
Q

What is the value of dead space?

A

150

200
Q

What is dead space?

A

Not all of the tidal volume is available for gas exchange, it remains in the passageways

201
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second - the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in one second with maximal effort following maximal inhalation

202
Q

What kind of conditions demonstrate impaired ability to demonstrate good FEV1 values?

A

Obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD

203
Q

A

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

204
Q

B

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

205
Q

C

A

Residual Volume

206
Q

D

A

Vital capacity

207
Q

E

A

Inspiratory capacity

208
Q

F

A

Functional Residual Capacity

209
Q

G

A

Total Lung Capacity

210
Q

H

A

6000

211
Q

I

A

1200

212
Q

J

A

2400

213
Q

K

A

2900

214
Q

L

A

500

215
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure and volume are inversely related

216
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

Contracts and descends

217
Q

What happens to the external intercostals during inhalation?

A

Contract

218
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary volume during inhalation?

A

Increases

219
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation?

A

decreases

220
Q

During inhalation, is the pressure in lungs lower or higher than atm?

A

Pressure in the lungs is lower than the atm pressure

221
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

Relaxes and ascends

222
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary volume during exhalation?

A

Decreases

223
Q

What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?

A

Increases

224
Q

During exhalation, is the pressure in lungs lower or higher than atm?

A

Higher than atm pressure

225
Q

What muscles assist in quiet inhalation?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

226
Q

What muscles assist in inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Accessory muscles - SCM, scalenes, pectoralis minor, in addition to diaphragm and external intercostals

227
Q

What muscles assist in expiratory reserve volume?

A

Abdominals and internal intercostals

228
Q

What is H2CO3 called?

A

Carbonic acid

229
Q

What is HCO3- called?

A

Bicarbonate

230
Q

What is Dr. Tucker’s favorite equation?

A

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

231
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

232
Q

What is directly proportional to CO2 level?

A

Hydrogen ion levels

233
Q

What is inversely proportional to pH?

A

H+ and CO2 concentrations

234
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

235
Q

How does acidosis effect respiratory rate?

A

Decreases respiratory rate

236
Q

What does the body retain during acidosis?

A

CO2 (therefore, increase H+ and the decrease in pH)

237
Q

When might a patient develop respiratory acidosis?

A

Drug overdose and head trauma

238
Q

How does alkalosis effect respiratory rate?

A

Higher than normal respiratory rate

239
Q

What is blown off during alkalosis?

A

Too much CO2 blown off (therefore decrease H+ and increase pH)

240
Q

When might a patient develop respiratory alkalosis?

A

Anxiety and head trauma

241
Q

What is the stimulus for breathing?

A

CO2 level (and also therefore H+ levels)

242
Q

How does the body compensate if the CO2 level is higher than normal?

A

A brief period of more rapid ventilation to return levels to normal

243
Q

How does the body compensate if the CO2 level is lower than normal?

A

A brief pause in ventilation until the level returns to normal

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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