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From Flashcardlet > 2 A&P II Lab Exercise 8 > Flashcards

2 A&P II Lab Exercise 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Taken in food to the body and break it down into its simplest molecular form

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2
Q

How is food broken down (2)?

A
  1. Mechanical digestion

2. Chemical Digestion

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3
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Breaking down of food by the action of the skeletal muscles of the jaw, the smooth muscles along the GI tract, and the teeth

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4
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemicals or enzymes secreted by cells of the tract or by the glands emptying their secretions into the tract chemically digest food

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5
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Gastrointestinal tract
Mouth
Anus
Glands

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6
Q

What is another name for the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Alimentary canal

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7
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Substances are propelled along the tract by muscular waves

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8
Q

What is the innermost layer of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

What is the second layer of the GI tract?

A

Submucosa

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10
Q

What is the third layer of the GI tract?

A

Muscularis

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11
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tract?

A

Serosa

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12
Q

What are the structures of the GI tract?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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13
Q

What are the accessory structures to the digestive system?

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver 
Gall bladder
Pancreas
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14
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

What are the layers of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral and parietal

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16
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Peritoneal membranes suspending the small intestines

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17
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

The parietal peritoneal fold binding the large intestine to the posterior body wall

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18
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A reflection of the peritoneum that suspends the stomach and covers the small intestine

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19
Q

What is another name for the greater omentum?

A

Fatty apron

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20
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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21
Q

Where is the hard palate?

A

Anterior part of the roof of the mouth

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22
Q

Where is the soft palate?

A

Posterior part of the roof of the mouth

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23
Q

What is the uvula?

A

Muscular projection of the soft palate

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24
Q

What is the labia?

A

Lips

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25
Q

What is the vermillion?

A

Where the inner mucous membrane and the outer skin meets the lips

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26
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

Midline mucous membrane fold; attaches lip to gum

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27
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

The midline fold of mucous membrane under the tongue; restricts movement

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28
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

SPaces between the cheeks and gums

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29
Q

What is the fauces?

A

Opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx

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30
Q

What is the papillae?

A

Projections of the surface of the tongue; many contain taste buds

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31
Q

What is the name for baby teeth?

A

Deciduous teeth

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32
Q

What are the names of the deciduous teeth?

A 
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines
First molars
Second molars
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33
Q

What are the names of the adult teeth?

A 
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
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34
Q

How many premolars are there?

A

2

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35
Q

How many molars are there?

A

3

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36
Q

WHat is the top part of the tooth called?

A

Crown

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37
Q

What is the hard part of the tooth called on the outside?

A

Enamel

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38
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular (submaxillary)
Sublingual

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39
Q

Where does the parotid secrete saliva through?

A

Stensen’s duct

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40
Q

Where does the submandibular secrete saliva through?

A

Wharton’s duct

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41
Q

Where does the parotid secrete saliva through?

A

Ducts of Rivinus

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42
Q

Which is posterior, trachea or esophagus?

A

Esophagus

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43
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Under the diaphragm in the upper left abdominal cavity

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44
Q

What is the cardia?

A

Region of the stomach near the junction with the esophagus, surrounds the lower esophageal sphincter

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45
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Balloon like part of the stomach extending above the cardia

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46
Q

What is the body?

A

THe middle portion of the stomach

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47
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

Constricted region of the stomach near the junction with the duodenum

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48
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Muscular valve between the pylorus and the duodenum

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49
Q

What is the lesser curvature?

A

THe concave medial border of the stomach, the lesser omentum attaches the liver to the stomach here

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50
Q

What is the greater curvature?

A

The convex lateral border of the stomach; the greater omentum hangs from here covering the small intestine

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51
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

The muscular wall of the stomach composed of smooth muscular fibers arranged in three ways

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52
Q

What are the arrangements of the muscularis externa?

A
  1. Oblique layer
  2. Circular layer
  3. Longitudinal layer
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53
Q

What layer of the muscularis externa is the innermost?

A

Oblique layer

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54
Q

What layer of the muscularis externa is the middle?

A

Circular layer

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55
Q

What layer of the muscularis externa is the outermost?

A

Longitudinal layer

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56
Q

What are rugae?

A

Longitudinal folds of the inner mucosal and submucosal lining of the empty stomach

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57
Q

What are the layers of the stomach?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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58
Q

What is the inner most layer of the stomach?

A

Mucosa

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59
Q

What layer of the stomach has three of its own layers?

A

Muscularis

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60
Q

What kind of cells are found in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar cells and goblet cells

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61
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Deep holes leading into the gastric glands; located in the mucosa

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62
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

Produce secretions of stomach lining

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63
Q

What are the four cells located in the gastric glands?

A
  1. Mucous cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
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64
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

Secrete mucous

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65
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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66
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secrete pepsinogen

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67
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete hormones into the circulation

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68
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A layer of loose connective tissue directly under the mucous membrane (mucosa layer)

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69
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa?

A

A tiny layer of smooth muscle cells (mucosa layer)

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70
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

The layer deep to the mucosa containing areolar CT, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules, and nerves

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71
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

Smooth muscle fibers arranged in three layers (oblique, circular, and longitudinal)

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72
Q

What is the serosa?

A

THe visceral peritoneum, a thin mesothelium associated with some areolar CT

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73
Q

What substances are chemically broken down in the stomach?

A

Proteins

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74
Q

What does pepsinogen convert to? In the presence of what?

A

Pepsinogen converts to pepsin in the presence of HCl

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75
Q

What cells secrete HCl so pepsinogen can convert to pepsin?

A

Parietal cells

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76
Q

A

A

Liver

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77
Q

B

A

Pancreas

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78
Q

C

A

Stomach

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79
Q

D

A

Spleen

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80
Q

E

A

Kidney

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81
Q

F

A

Tongue

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82
Q

G

A

Uvula

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83
Q

H

A

Palatine tonsil

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84
Q

I

A

Soft palate

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85
Q

J

A

Hard palate

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86
Q

K

A

Labia

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87
Q

L

A

Central incisor

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88
Q

M

A

Lateral inscisor

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89
Q

N

A

Canine

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90
Q

O

A

Premolars

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91
Q

P

A

Molars

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92
Q

Q

A

Crown

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93
Q

R

A

Enamel

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94
Q

S

A

Gingivae

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95
Q

T

A

Dentin

96
Q

U

A

Pulp cavity

97
Q

V

A

Root

98
Q

W

A

Root canal

99
Q

X

A

Parotid Salivary gland

100
Q

Y

A

Sublingual salivary gland

101
Q

Z

A

Submandibular salivary gland

102
Q

ZZ

A

Parotid duct

103
Q

1

A

Esophagus

104
Q

2

A

Lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter

105
Q

3

A

Cardiac region

106
Q

4

A

Fundus

107
Q

5

A

Body

108
Q

6

A

Greater curvature

109
Q

7

A

Rugae

110
Q

8

A

Pyloris

111
Q

9

A

Duodenum

112
Q

10

A

Pyloric sphincter

113
Q

11

A

Lesser curvature

114
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
115
Q

Where does the small intestine begin?

A

Pyloric sphincter of the stomach

116
Q

Where does the small intestine end?

A

The ileocecal sphincter at the entrance to the large intestine

117
Q

What are the main activities that occur in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion and absorption

118
Q

What are the large folds of the duodenum called?

A

Plica circularis

119
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Intraabdominal

120
Q

Where are the pancreas and duodenum found?

A

Retroperitoneal

121
Q

What does the small intestine wrap around?

A

The pancreas

122
Q

What kinds of glands does the pancreas have?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

123
Q

What do the islets of Langerhaun secrete?

A

Insulin and glucagon

124
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

A lymphatic channel made specifically for lipids

125
Q

What kind of cells does the small intestine’s epithelium have?

A

Simple columnar and goblet cells

126
Q

How many layers does the muscularis have in the small intestine?

A

Two

127
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach

128
Q

Where does the large intestine begin?

A

Ileocecal valve

129
Q

Where does the large intestine end?

A

Anus

130
Q

What does the large intestine function in?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

Formation and expulsion of feces

131
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Rectum
  7. Anus
132
Q

What is the bend in the colon under the liver called?

A

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

133
Q

What is the bend in the colon under the spleen called?

A

Left colic (splenic) flexure

134
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Three bands of muscle tissue running the length of the colon (longitudinal muscularis layer)

135
Q

WHat are haustra?

A

THe puckering pockets of the colon caused by teniae coli

136
Q

What is the s shaped bend in the colon called?

A

Sigmoid colon

137
Q

What are epiploic appendages?

A

Globules of fat hanging off the large intestine

138
Q

What kind of muscle fibers are found in the anus?

A

Smooth and skeletal

139
Q

What is the largest compact organ of the body?

A

Liver

140
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

To produce bile

141
Q

What is the term for how bile breaks down large fat droplets into many smaller droplets?

A

Emulsification

142
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

143
Q

What is the progression of where bile travels?

A 
Bile canaliculi
Bile ducts
Biliary channels
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct and cystic duct join to form the common bile duct
144
Q

What joins to make the common hepatic duct?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

145
Q

What joins to make the common bile duct?

A

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

146
Q

Where does the common bile duct end?

A

It enters the duodenum through the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of odi

147
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Smaller left lobe, larger right lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe

148
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

Attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

149
Q

Where is the falciform ligament located?

A

Between the right and left lobes

150
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Inferior surface of the liver

151
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

Where bile enters and leaves the gallbladder

152
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas secrete for carb and lipid digestion?

A

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic lipase

153
Q

What cells in the pancreas secrete enzymes?

A

Acinar

154
Q

What does pancreatic amylase digest?

A

Carbs

155
Q

What does pancreatic lipase digest?

A

Lipids

156
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas secrete for protein digestion?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase

157
Q

Are digestive enzymes from the pancreas endocrine or exocrine enzymes?

A

Exocrine

158
Q

What does the pancreas secrete as an endocrine gland?

A

Glucose and glucagon

159
Q

How many sides does a liver lobule have?

A

6

160
Q

What is found in a portal triad?

A

Portal arteriole
Portal venule
Bile duct

161
Q

What type of epithelium is found in a bile duct?

A

Cuboidal

162
Q

What types of cells make bile?

A

Hepatocytes

163
Q

Is emulsification chemical or mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical

164
Q

What do the central veins merge to create?

A

Hepatic vein

165
Q

Where does the hepatic vein flow into?

A

Inferior vena cava

166
Q

12

A

Simple columnar

167
Q

13

A

Villi

168
Q

14

A

Lacteal

169
Q

15

A

Mucosa

170
Q

16

A

Submucosa

171
Q

17

A

Muscularis

172
Q

18

A

Serosa

173
Q

19

A

Circular layer

174
Q

20

A

Longitudinal layer

175
Q

21

A

Crypt

176
Q

22

A

Capillary bed

177
Q

23

A

Brush border

178
Q

24

A

Right lobe of liver

179
Q

25

A

Left lobe of liver

180
Q

26

A

Left hepatic duct

181
Q

27

A

Right hepatic duct

182
Q

28

A

Common hepatic duct

183
Q

29

A

Cystic duct

184
Q

30

A

Gallbladder

185
Q

31

A

Common bile duct

186
Q

32

A

Pancreas

187
Q

33

A

Ductule

188
Q

34

A

Duodenum

189
Q

35

A

Ampulla of vater

190
Q

36

A

Main pancreatic duct

191
Q

37

A

Kupffer cell (macrophage)

192
Q

38

A

Bile canaliculis

193
Q

39

A

Bile duct

194
Q

40

A

Portal venule and portal arteriole

195
Q

41

A

Portal triad

196
Q

42

A

Central vein

197
Q

43

A

Hepatocytes

198
Q

Would you expect to see HCl or NaOH in the stomach? With what enzyme?

A

Pepsin with HCl

199
Q

Would you expect to see HCl or NaOH in the small intestine? With what enzyme?

A

Trypsin with NaOH

200
Q

What enzyme is secreted by the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands?

A

Salivary amylase

201
Q

What does salivary amylase digest?

A

Carbs

202
Q

What other site besides the mouth secretes amylase?

A

Pancreas

203
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Individual simple sugar molecules like glucose, fructose, and galactose, which then enter the capillary beds

204
Q

What kind of enzymes are located in the esophagus?

A

None

205
Q

What cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief

206
Q

What cell secretes HCl?

A

Parietal

207
Q

What is the hormone that stimulates the production and release of pepsin?

A

Gastrin

208
Q

What molecules does pepsin digest?

A

Proteins

209
Q

What are the four enzymes in the small intestine that breakdown protein?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptide

210
Q

What organ secretes the four enzymes used in protein break down in the small intestine?

A

Pancreas

211
Q

What kind of pH do the four enzymes used in protein break down in the small intestine need?

A

Alkaline

212
Q

Where are bile salts produced?

A

Liver

213
Q

What are bile salts stored?

A

Gallbladder

214
Q

What duct connects the gallbladder to the rest of the biliary tree?

A

Cystic duct

215
Q

What is the terminal duct in the biliary tree that empties into the duodenum?

A

Common bile duct

216
Q

What is the mechanical digestive process that uses bile salts called?

A

Emulsification

217
Q

What pancreatic enzyme chemically digest the emulsified lipids?

A

Lipase

218
Q

What are digested lipids in the lumen of the small intestine packaged into?

A

Micelle

219
Q

Once inside a simple columnar cell of the small intestine, what are lipids reformed and packaged into?

A

Cylomicron

220
Q

Where are lipids absorbed into in an intestinal villi?

A

Lacteal (lymphatic channel)

221
Q

Where are enzymes used in digestion of carbs?

A

Mouth and pancreas

222
Q

What is the site for the majority of digestion of lipids?

A

Duodenum

223
Q

Where is water absorbed?

A

Colon

224
Q

What is the initial digestion of proteins?

A

Stomach

225
Q

What is the site of production of trypsin?

A

Pancreas

226
Q

What is the location of parietal cells?

A

Stomach

227
Q

Where are enzymes for carbs, proteins, and lipids created?

A

Pancreas

228
Q

Where does peristalsis occur, but no enzymatic activity?

A

Esophagus

229
Q

Where is the site of production of bile salts?

A

Liver

230
Q

Where is the site of production of pepsin?

A

Stomach

231
Q

Where is the termination of the biliary tree?

A

Duodenum

232
Q

Where is the ampulla of vater and sphincter of Oddi?

A

Duodenum

233
Q

What hormone inhibits stomach activity and causes the gallbladder to contract?

A

Cholecystokinin

234
Q

What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete alkaline (bicarb rich) fluid?

A

Secretin

235
Q

What hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzymes?

A

Cholecystokinin

236
Q

Where are CCK and secretin produced?

A

Cells in the small intestine

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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